*Anatomy - Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract? (4)

Answer 1

Right and left nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract (the respiratory tree”? (6)

Answer 2

Trachea
Right and left main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 3

At what level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus? e.g. the upper resp. tract becomes the lower resp. tract

Answer 3

C6 vertebrae

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 4

The nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hpopharynx (laryngopharnx)

Question 5

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Names?

Answer 5

3
Upper
middle
Lower

Question 6

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Names?

Answer 6

2
Upper
Lower

Question 7

How many segmental bronchi does each lung have?

Answer 7

10 (for each bronchopulmonary segment)

Question 8

What are the names of the deep fissures that separate the lung lobes from each other?

Answer 8

Fissures

Question 9

What does each lung lobe and each bronchopulmonary segment have its own supply of?

Answer 9

Air supply
Blood supply
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply

Question 10

What type of epithelium lines the bronchial tree (except for the distal bronchioles and alveoli)?
What are 2 of the prominent features of this epithelium?

Answer 10

Respiratory epithelium
Mucous glands (which secrete mucous onto the epithelial surface)
Cilia (beat to sweep the mucous (plus an foreign bodies) superiorly towards the pharynx where it is swallowed (“mucociliary escalator”)

Question 11

What 2 things interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

Answer 11

Cooling/drying of the mucosa

Toxins in cigarette smoke

Question 12

What supports the walls of the trachea and all the bronchi?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage (posterior aspect of trachea does not have cartilage)

Question 13

What happens to the amount of cartilage maintaining the potency of the airways as you move distally?

Answer 13

Gradually reduces until you get to the walls of the more distal bronchioles and alveoli which do not contain any cartilage

Question 14

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle in the walls of the airways as you move distally through the respiratory tree?

Answer 14

Become more prominent (most prominent feature of the walls of the bronchioles - allows them to constrict and dilate)

Question 15

Why does alveoli ave neither cartilage or smooth muscle in their walls?

Answer 15

As this would impact on diffusion

Question 16

What must be present in the tissue spaces around the alveolar capillaries to facilitate gaseous diffusion?

Answer 16

Minimal tissue fluid

Question 17

What separates the 2 nasal cavities?

Answer 17

The nasal septum

Question 18

What are the 2 parts of the nasal septum?

Answer 18

Bony (posterior)

Cartilaginous (anterior)

Question 19

What 2 bones make up the nasal septum?

Answer 19

Ethmoid bone (superiorly)
Vomer (inferiorly)

Question 20

What type of cartilage makes up the septal cartilage?

Answer 20

Hyaline

Question 21

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

Palate

anterior cranial fossa

Question 22

What are the several cartilages make up the skeleton of the larynx?

Answer 22

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)

Question 23

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

Answer 23

Cartilage helps to maintain patency of the URT
Helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT (vocal cords)
Produces sound (vocal cords)

Question 24

What is the name of the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 24

Rima flottidis

Question 25

How does the vocal cords help to protect the airway?

Answer 25

They can approximate in the midline closing the rim flotillas and preventing the foreign body being inhaled into the trachea
A cough reflex is then stimulated to expel the foreign bod via the pharynx and oral cavity

Question 26

What is the difference between phonation and articulation?

Answer 26

Phonation = producing sound (air expired across the vocal cords which vibrate to produce sound)
Articulation = producing speech (sound is modified int he nose or mouth  to produce vowels and consonants)

Question 27

What features are present on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

Answer 27

The conchae

Question 28

What is the purpose of the conchae?

Answer 28

Greatly increase surface area of lateral walls of nasal cavities
Produce turbulent flow bringing the air into contact with the walls
Respiratory mucosa lining it has very good arterial blood supply = warmth, mucous = moisture and traps potentially infected particles
Cilia waft mucosa to pharynx to be swallowed

Question 29

What do the tonsils do in terms of air breathed in?

Answer 29

Aid in its cleaning (produce white blood cells in the defence against infection)

Question 30

What are the parts of the chest wall? (4)

Answer 30

Skin and fascia
Bones
skeletal muscles of the chest wall and diaphragm
Parietal pleura

Question 31

What is present on the inferior deep surface of a rib?

Answer 31

Costal groove

Question 32

What rib level is the sternal angle?

Answer 32

Rib 2

Question 33

What joint joins rib to vertebrae?

Answer 33

Costovertberal

Question 34

What joint joins sternum to costal cartilage

Answer 34

sternocostal

Question 35

What joint joins rib to costal cartilage?

Answer 35

Costochondral

Question 36

What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles that are located between the ribs within the intercostal spaces?

Answer 36

External intercostal muscles (point towards sternum)
Internal intercostal muscles (point away from sternum)
Innermost intercostal muscles

Question 37

What lies between the parietal and visceral layers of pleural cavity?

Answer 37

The pleural cavity