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Study Notes - Principles > *Anatomy -Circulatory System > Flashcards

*Anatomy -Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Thos directly connected to the heart chambers

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2
Q

What structures are contained within a neurovascular bundle?

A

Nevre
Artery
Vein

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3
Q

What is a territory?

A

A body region/ organ supplied by an artery and its branches

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4
Q

Give an example of an artery that trifurcates?

A

the celiac trunk

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5
Q

What does the term “trunk” or “common” indicate about an artery?

A

That it will definitely divide again

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6
Q

what os the course of an artery?

A

The arteries journey from its origin to its termination

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7
Q

Why do arteries often run a tortuous course?

A

It helps to prevent over-stretching/ tearing

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8
Q

Why are arteries usually located deeper than veins?

A

Helps reduce the chance of a more serious haemorrhage

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9
Q

How can you limit blood loss from an artery?

A

By pressing on a pulse point proximal to the injury

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10
Q

What do the elastic fibres found in the walls of the largest, most proximal arteries do?

A

Permit expansion of the aorta to accommodate the blood forced into it during systolee
Help to maintain blood pressure during diastole via elastic recoil

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11
Q

Which arterial blood vessels contain smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

Some arteries called “muscular arteries”

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12
Q

What happens when smooth muscle in walls of arterioles and muscular arteries contracts?

A

Vasoconstriction occurs which reduces blood flow to the organ/ tissue supplied

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13
Q

What is the opposite of vasoconstriction?
What causes this?
What does it do?

A

Vasodilation
Widens the lumen increasing the blood flow to the organ/ tissue supplied
Relaxation of smooth muscle

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14
Q

What does the arterioles and muscular arteries go into to to help reduce blood loss following an injury?

A

Spasm (smooth muscle contracts)

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15
Q

In terms of smooth muscle, what always exists in arteriolar smooth muscle?
What does this mean?
Called?

A

There is always a background low level of contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
Arterioles are most often slightly narrowed compared to their maximum internal diameter
Sympathetic tone

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16
Q

What causes the sympathetic tone of arteriolar smooth muscle?

A

Tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

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17
Q

What segments of the spinal cords have lateral horns?

A

T1 to L2 segments

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18
Q

How long is the sympathetic trunk?

A

Full length of the vertebral column

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19
Q

In the body wall what does the sympathetic fibres supply? (3)

A

Skin sweat glands
Skin arrestor muscles
ALL arterioles (sympathetic tone)

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20
Q

Via which nerves are the organs supplied with sympathetics?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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21
Q

What is the territory of the aorta?

A

The whole body

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22
Q

What are the 2 branches from the ascending aorta?

A

The right and left coronary arteries

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23
Q

What are the 3 branches from the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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24
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into?

A

the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

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25
Q

What branches from the subclavian arteries which passes to the cranial cavity?
How does it travel to the cranial cavity?

A

The right vertebral artery

Passes through transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae then through foramen magnum

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26
Q

What does the common carotid arteries bifurcate into?

A

The external carotid arteries and the internal carotid arteries (one of each in each side e.g. right internal carotid artery)

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27
Q

Where does the external carotid arteries pass and to supply what?

A

Remains external to the cranial cavity to supply the face and scalp

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28
Q

Where does the internal carotid arteries pass and to supply what?

A

Becomes internal to the cranial cavity via the carotid canal to supply the brain

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29
Q

What is the circle of arteries called on the inferior aspect of the brain?

A

The circle of Willis

30
Q

What do the right and left vertebral arteries joint to form (on the inferior aspect of the brain)?

A

Basilar artery

31
Q

What does the basilar artery give off?

A

Right and left communicating arteries

32
Q

What is the most proximal (usually dilated) part of the internal carotid artery called?

A

The carotid sinus

33
Q

What level is the carotid sinus located?

A

At the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

34
Q

What innervates the carotid sinus and carotid body?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

35
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve at the carotid sinus?

A

To detect stretching of the walls of the carotid sins (i.e. beat to beat changes in arterial blood pressure)

36
Q

What does the carotid body monitor?

A

blood gas levels/ pH

37
Q

What are present between the brain capillary endothelial cells?

A

Tight junctions

38
Q

What surrounds the brain capillaries?

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

What is the purpose of tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes surrounding the brain capillaries?

A

To prevent the diffusion of some substances from capillary into brain tissue e.g. antibiotics

40
Q

What can diffuse through the blood brain barrier?

A

O2 and CO2 (and ethanol)

41
Q

What is an anastomoses?

A

When arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

42
Q

How do anastomoses help if an artery occlusion occurs?

A

Provides an alternative route for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion

43
Q

What is an alternative route of blood flow in any given anastomosis?

A

A collateral

44
Q

What do collateral vessels around joints permit?

A

Flow to the limb peripheries no matter the position the joint is held in

45
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (there are no collaterals)

46
Q

What does treated occlusion of an end artery result in?

A

Infarction of its territory

47
Q

What does infarction mean?

A

Irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood supply

48
Q

What are the names of the arteries running through an upper limb?

A

Left subclavian artery becomes
Left axillary artery becomes
Left brachial arter bifurcates into
Left radial artery and let ulnar artery

49
Q

What are the branches from the thoracic aroma’s anterior surface? (5)

A 
Bronchial arteries (arterial supply for the lung tissue)
Oesophageal arteries
Mediastinal arteries
Pericardial arteries
Phrenic arteries (for the diaphragm)
50
Q

What are the bilateral branches from the aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries (supply the chest wall)

51
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate to form?

A

The left and right common iliac arteries

52
Q

What do the common iliac arteries bifurcate to form?

A

The external and internal iliac arteries

53
Q

what does the external iliac arteries supply?

A

The lower limbs

54
Q

What does the internal iliac arteries supply?

A

The pelvis and perineum

55
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt in terms of arteries?

A

At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

56
Q

Over what vessel is the femoral pulse felt?

A

At the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin

57
Q

Over what artery is the popliteal pulse felt?

A

The popliteal artery

58
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse felt?

A

Over the posterior tibial artery posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia

59
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse felt?

A

Over the dorsalis pedis artery on the dorsum of the foot

60
Q

Instead of branching, what do veins have?

A

Merging tributaries

61
Q

How much of the circulating blood volume does veins contain?

A

About 60%

62
Q

Do veins contain smooth muscle?

Why?

A

Yes (a thin layer)
walls can contract to reduce venous capacity and return blood to the arterial side of the circulation e.g. in haemorrhage

63
Q

Are veins courses usually straight or torturous?

A

straight

64
Q

What do veins appear like when they are not full of blood?

A

Collapsed flat

65
Q

How is the venous blood pumped back towards the heart?

A

The contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limbs (“skeletal muscle pumps”)
Chest cavity pressure changes associated with the movement of breathing
(venous pumps require venous valves in limb veins to ensure unidirectional flow back the heart against gravity)

66
Q

Where are the superficial veins located?
What do these drain into?
Where are these located?

A

In the superficial fascia
Deep veins
Run deep to the deep fascia and in cavities often in NVB

67
Q

What are the 2 main venous systems in the body?

A

The hepatic portal venous system

The systemic venous system

68
Q

What doe lymphatic capillaries collect?

what is the fluid called once in these capillaries?

A

Tissue fluid

Lymph

69
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries from tissues/ organs join together to form?

A

Lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)

70
Q

What 2 main lymph vessels is lymph either drained into?

A 
Thoracic duct (3/4 of body)
Right lymphatic duct
71
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph back into the venous system?

A

At the left venous angle

72
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into?

A

The right venous angle

Study Notes - Principles (39 decks)

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