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Study Notes - Principles > *Physiology 3 (lecture 5) > Flashcards

*Physiology 3 (lecture 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What detects deviations in the MAP?

A

Baroreceptors

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2
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control system?

A

Medulla

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3
Q

What are the effectors of MAP?

A

Heart

Blood vessels

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4
Q

What changes can the heart make that results in a change in the MAP? (2)

A

Heart rate

Stroke volume

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5
Q

What change can the blood vessels make that results in a change in MAP?

A

Total peripheral resistance

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6
Q

What type of feedback system is the control of blood pressure/

A

Negative

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7
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The outward hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls

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8
Q

What is the systemic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts (normally less than 140mmHg)

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9
Q

What is the systemic diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes (normally less than 90mmHg)

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10
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart

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11
Q

Equations for MAP? (3)

A 
Map = [(2 X Diastolic) = systolic] / 3
MAP = DBP + 1/3 difference between SBP and DBP
MAP = CO x TPR
MAP = SV X HR X TPR
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12
Q

what is the pulse pressure?

A

The difference between SBP and DBP

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13
Q

What is the normal arterial blood pressure?

A

Less than 140 systolic

Less than 90 diastolic

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14
Q

What is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure?

A

75 - 105mmHg

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15
Q

What MAP is need, at least, to perfuse the coronary arteries, brain and kidneys?

A

At least 60mmHg

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16
Q

Why must MAP be regulated within narrow limits?

A

To ensure pressure is high enough to perfuse internal organs including the brain, heart and kidneys and pressure is not too high to damage the blood vessels or place an extra strain on the heart

17
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

18
Q

What nerves do the carotid baroreceptors signal to the medulla via?

A

CN IX

19
Q

What nerves do the aortic baroreceptors signal to the medulla via?

A

CN X

20
Q

What type of receptors are the baroreceptors?

What are they sensitive to?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Stretch

21
Q

Firing of the baroreceptors afferent nerves due to increased arterial pressure?

A

Increased (and vice versa)

22
Q

What is the site of the 1st synapse for all CVS afferents in the medulla?
What happens after this in order to change MAP?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS relays information to to other regions in the brain e.g. medulla, hypothalamus, cerebellum)
Generates vagal outflow to heart
Regulates spinal sympathetic neurones

23
Q

What is the total peripheral resistance?

A

The sum of resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

24
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system accelerate the heart rate?

A

Through noradrenaline acting on B1 receptors

25
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system slow down the heart rate?

A

Through the vagus which releases acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors

26
Q

What causes the stroke volume to increase?

A

If the contractile strength of the heart is increased

27
Q

What causes the contractile strength of the heart to increase and hence stroke volume?

A

Sympathetic innervation of the ventricular myocardium which increases the force of contraction and hence the stroke volume

28
Q

Does the vagus nerve have any effect on ventricular contraction?

A

No - it does not have a significant impact on stroke volume

29
Q

What mechanism intrinsically controls the stroke volume?

A

the Frank-Starling mechanism -that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart

30
Q

What are the major resistance vessels?

A

The arterioles

31
Q

What regulates the TPR?

A

Vascular smooth muscles (mainly in the arterioles)

32
Q

State of the vascular smooth muscles at rest?

A

Partially constricted - vasomotor tone

33
Q

What type of nerves supply the vascular smooth muscles?

A

Sympathetics (noradrenaline acting on alpha receptors)

No significant parasympathetic innervation

34
Q

What causes the vasomotor tone?

A

Tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in continuous release of noradrenaline)

35
Q

What happens to baroreceptors firing if high blood pressure is sustained?

A

It is decreased

Study Notes - Principles (39 decks)

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