*Anatomy - movement

Question 1

3 different types of muscle?
Voluntary?
Striated?

Answer 1

Cardiac muscle (involuntary and started)
Smooth muscle (involuntary and non-striated)
Skeletal muscle (voluntary and striated)

Question 2

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle -> fasciles -> muscle fibre (myocyte/ muscle cell) -> myofibrils -> actin and myosin microfilaments

Question 3

Why does striations look like stripes?

Answer 3

Due to overlapping actin and myosin

Question 4

What happens when a muscle is strained?

Answer 4

Some of the muscle fibres are torn

Question 5

Types of skeletal muscles? (5)

Answer 5

Circular
Pennate
Fusiform
Flat with aponeurosis
Quadrate

Question 6

Example of a circular muscle

Answer 6

Orbicularis oculi

Question 7

Example of a pennate muscle

Answer 7

Deltoid

Question 8

Example of fusiform muscle

Answer 8

Biceps brachi

Question 9

Example of a flat muscle

Answer 9

External oblique

Question 10

Example of a quadrate muscle?

Answer 10

Rectus abdominus

Question 11

What is a flattened tendon called?

Answer 11

An aponeurosis

Question 12

What are the 2 points at which muscle attaches to bone called?

Answer 12

Origin(s)
Insertion(s)
(origin is a fixed point where as the insert moves with contraction)

Question 13

How many origins and insertions does biceps brachi have?

Answer 13

2 origins

1 insertion

Question 14

Along which axis does a muscle contract?

Answer 14

Long axis

Question 15

Which joints can biceps brachii move?

Answer 15

Shoulder
Elbow
Radioulnar joint
(as spans all 3 of these joints)

Question 16

What is a reflex?

Answer 16

A rapid, predictable, involuntary reaction to “danger”

Question 17

What are the 2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

Answer 17

Stretch reflex (deep tendon reflexes)
Flexion withdrawal reflex (sudden flexion to withdraw when we touch something potentially dangerous)

Question 18

What is an example of a stretch (deep tend reflex)?

Answer 18

Biceps jerk, knee jerk

Question 19

How are deep tendon (stretch) reflexes tested?

Answer 19

Tendon hammer is used to apply a brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon
In order to prevent overstitching, the muscle contracts, pulling on the tendon and causing a knee jerk

Question 20

What tendon is being stretched when creating a knee jerk reflex?

Answer 20

The patellar tendon

Question 21

How does a deep tendon reflex work in terms of nerves?

Answer 21

Sensory nerve from muscle detected stretch and tells spinal cord
Synapse in spinal cord between sensory and motor nerves
Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to muscle to contract

Question 22

What is the synapse called where the motor nerve communicates wit the skeletal muscle during a reflex?

Answer 22

Neuromuscular junction

Question 23

What is the name of the whole route taken by the action potentials during a reflex?

Answer 23

Reflex arc

Question 24

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate is working? (5)

Answer 24

The muscle
Its sensory nerve fibres
Its motor nerve fibres
The spinal cord connection between the 2
The neuromuscular junction
"descending controls" from the brain

Question 25

What is the brains role in a reflex?

Answer 25

To prevent the reflex from being overly brisk

Question 26

What is wrong with a muscle that does not have a functioning motor nerve supply?

Answer 26

It is paralysed

Question 27

What is paralysed muscle unable to do?

Answer 27

Contract

Question 28

What will a paralysed muscle look like on examination?

Answer 28

Reduced tone

Question 29

What is the word used to describe a muscle that has an intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working?

Answer 29

Spastic

Question 30

What will a spastic muscle appear like on examination?

Answer 30

Increased tone

Question 31

What has happen to atrophic muscle fibres?

Why does this happen?

Answer 31

They have become smaller, reducing the muscle’s bulk

Immobilisation e.g. after fracture. damage to motor nerve supply

Question 32

What is the opposite of atrophy?

Answer 32

hypertrophy

Question 33

What happens during muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 33

The skeletal muscles enlarge

Question 34

What are the layers present above skeletal muscles?

Answer 34

Deep fascia (fibrous tissue -glistening white layer)
Superficial fascia (adipose tissue)
Dermis (collagen/ elastic fibres)
Epidermis (epithelium)

Question 35

What is the inter muscular septum?

Answer 35

An extension of the deep fascia that splits the muscles of the limbs into different compartments

Question 36

what are the muscle compartments of the thigh? (3)

Answer 36

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

Question 37

What are the muscle compartments of the thigh? (2)

Answer 37

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

Question 38

What are the muscle compartments of the arm? (2)

Answer 38

Anterior

Posterior

Question 39

What are the muscle compartments of the forearm? (2)

Answer 39

Anterior

Posterior

Question 40

Why are muscular compartments important?

Answer 40

They prevent infection from spreading into other compartments

Question 41

What is it called when increased pressure caused by tissue swelling or an increase in fluid affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment?

Answer 41

Compartment syndrome

Question 42

What can be performed to relieve pressure in compartment syndrome?

Answer 42

A fasciotomy