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BNKN601 > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmocology?

A

The study of drugs including their actions and effects in living systems

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2
Q

What is clinical pharmacology?

A

A branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. It addresses two key concerns: What drugs do to the body and how they do it and also how the body affects a specific drug after administration

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3
Q

What are the 6 rights of medical administration?

A

Right patient, right medication, right documentation, right dose, right time, right route, + right reason.

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4
Q

What are the two different names a drug will have?

A

A generic name and a brand name

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5
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

How the drug effects the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways a drug works?

A
  1. replaces or substitutes missing chemicals
  2. Increase/stimulate cellular activity
  3. Depress/slow cellular activity
  4. Interfere with the functioning of foreign cells
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7
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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8
Q

What processes can have a major impact on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs?

A

Infections and diseases processes

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9
Q

Understanding pharmacokinetics help nurses to?

A

Anticipate therapeutic and adverse drug effects and plan appropriate nursing interventions to ensure the safest and most efficient drug regimen for the patient.

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10
Q

Where are drugs absorbed in the body?

A

most absorption occurs in the small intestine

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11
Q

What is the most frequently used route of drug administration?

A

Oral

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12
Q

What are some barriers to the absorption of drugs when taken orally?

A

A large percentage of the oral dose will be destroyed before it reaches the tissues (First pass effect).

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13
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

The first pass effect is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

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14
Q

What is the process of distribution?

A

A reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body.

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15
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that change drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate.

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16
Q

What is the most important site for metabolism?

A

The liver

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17
Q

What happens to drugs in the liver?

A

They are changed into new, less active chemicals by enzymes in the liver

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18
Q

Clearance (CL) or excretion is what?

A

The removal of the drug from the body

19
Q

What are some routes used to excrete/clear drugs?

A

There are many different routes of excretion, including urine, bile, sweat, saliva, tears, milk, and stool. By far, the most important excretory organs are the kidney and liver.

20
Q

What are the most important organs in drug clearance/excretion?

A

By far, the most important excretory organs are the kidney and liver.

21
Q

What is the concept of half-life?

A

The time it takes for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease to one-half of the peak level. For instance, if a patient takes 40mgs of a drug with a half-time of 12 hours, 20mgs of that drug will remain 12 hours after the administration.

22
Q

What are some factors that influence drug effects?

A

Weight, age, gender, physiological factors, pathological factors, genetic factors, immunological factors, psychological factors, environmental factors, drug tolerance, and cumulation effects (taking the drug wrong).

23
Q

How does weight influence drugs?

A

The heavier the person generally the more of the drug they will need

24
Q

How does gender influence drug effects?

A

The physiological differences between men and women.

25
Q

What are physiological factors? And how may this influence drug effects?

A

Things related to your physical body that affect your thinking. Hydration levels and electrolyte imbalance ect.

26
Q

What are Psychological factors? and how might these influence drug effects?

A

Psychosocial factors are characteristics or facets that influence an individual psychologically and/or socially. This may be placebo effect or adherence to a drug (attachment)

27
Q

What is an immunological factor for drugs effects?

A

Allergies

28
Q

Drug tolerance occurs when …

A

The initial dose of a substance loses its effectiveness over time because the body has got used to the drug

29
Q

Prior to commencing any drug therapy a patient must have a ?

A

Full head to toe physical examination and blood tests to determine liver and kidney function

30
Q

What are Antipsychotics used for?

A

To treat psychotic disorders including schizophrenia and also behavioural/movement disorders with a psychological component (Tourettes Syndrome ect).

31
Q

How do Antipsychotics work?

A

Antipsychotics block the dopaminergic receptor sites to reduce positive symptoms of psychosis (Theory suggests psychosis is associated with increased activity at these sites).

32
Q

What is a typical antipsychotic? (also reffered as a First gen anti-psychotic)

A

These are the older medications used to treat psychotic symptoms. They mainly block dopaminergic receptors how ever there is research they affect other neurotransmitter systems leading to a wide range on undesirable side-effects

33
Q

What are Extrapyramidal side-effects?

A

Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of symptoms that can occur in people taking antipsychotic medications. Such as: Parkinsonian symptoms (tremor), Dystonia, Akathisia, and TD.

34
Q

What are Atypical antipsychotics?

A

These antipsychotics are a major advance from the typical antipsychotics, they have the same goal although they are more selective in targeting dopamine receptors and also target serotonin receptors. This means they are relatively free from extrapyramidal symptoms

35
Q

What is a major advantage of Atypical antipsychotics?

A

They suppress negative symptoms

36
Q

What is the biggest problem with atypical anti-psychotics?

A

There is an increased risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome

37
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes

38
Q

What are some common side effects of Atypical antipsychotic medications?

A 
Weight Gain
Drowsiness
Constipation
Dizziness
Hypersalvation
39
Q

What are some fairly common side effects of Atypical antipsychotic medications?

A

Sexual Dysfunction

Postural hypotension

40
Q

What rare but life-threatening side effect is associated with Clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis or Neutropenia - Low white blood count therefore the body is unable to fight infections

41
Q

What rare but life-threatening side effect is associated with all antipsychotics?

A

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) - Occurs in the first few weeks of a drug change, causes spasticity of skeletal muscles (excessive heat generation) and impaired hypothalmic thermoregulation

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Agranulocytosis or Neutropenia to look out for?

A

Fever, sore throat, infection, cognitive changes.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) to look out for?

A 
Use the acronym FEVER. 
F- Fever
E- Encephalopathy (Altered mental state)
V- Vitals unstable
E- Elevated enzymes
R- Rigidity of muscles
44
Q

What are some Atypical anti-psychotic medications?

A

Olanzapine, Resperidone, Quetiapine, Clozapine, Aripiprazole, and Amisulpride

BNKN601 (31 decks)

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