Child, youth and adolescent Flashcards
What is attachment theory?
the theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver and that such a bond will develop during the first six months of a child’s life if the caregiver is appropriately responsive.
What type of adult mental health problems can be a result of disorganised attachment?
PTSD, Depression, Affective dysregulation (borderline personality disorder), anxiety, ADHD, and trans-generational trauma
How can we assess an infants mental health?
With the still face experiment
What are some risk factors that may predispose children to poor mental health?
Maternal depression, maternal substance misuse, L conflict in family, poverty & social class, teenage parenting, family violence, all forms of abuse, and death.
What are some protective factors of healthy mental health in children?
An easy temperament, high level of intelligence, positive relationships, support from peers, sense of humour, positive experiences at school, reflection, planning, ability to make decisions, and faith
What does the still face experiment teach us?
The ‘still face’ demonstrates how vulnerable we all are to the emotional or non-emotional reactions of the people they are close to. It demonstrates how babies who are just learning about their relational world try to achieve connection.
What is infant mental health?
This refers to how well a child develops socially and emotionally from birth till 3. Understandings infant mental health is the key to preventing and treating the mental health problems of very young children and families
What are some mothering myths?
That the mother immediately wants, knows and loves her baby, maori and Pacifica mothers bond better with their baby’s, a mother should be able to give her full emotional self to the baby and that the birth of the baby will bring happiness to a family
What is the most risky time for women to become mentally unwell?
Post parturition
What percentage of women experience PND
10-15%
What percentage of pregnant women experience depression?
10%
What percentage of women experience anxiety while pregnant or post natally?
15-20%
What percentage of women experience BPAD while pregnant of post nasally?
1-2%
What percentage of women experience a post natal psychosis?
0.5%
What influences maternal mental health?
Biology, psychology (temperament and resilience), social situations, supports, previous experience, trauma, drug/alc use, and cultural perceptions
What is involved in mother to child bonding?
Getting to know the baby (becoming their primary attachment figure), meeting the child’s needs and responding readily, non-verbal communication,
Is it normal to not feel an attachment/bond after birth?
Yes, up to 20% of mothers will feel this way
What is maternal-infant dyad?
Dyad care includes care to the mother and infant while they are in close physical proximity (optimally skin-to-skin) with the understanding that appropriate care of one must address the needs and interests of the other. (Building the bond)
What is an example of secure attachment?
“My primary caregiver is emotionally available and responsive to my needs”
What is an example of avoidant attachment?
“My primary caregiver is usually emotionally available and my independence in valued”
What is an example of ambivalent attachment?
“My primary caregiver is inconsistently emotionally avaliable”
What is an example of disorganised (destructive) attachment?
“My primary caregiver sometimes soothes me, but also represents danger, I don’t know what to expect from them”
Which years are the most important for determining brain structure for life?
The first 3 years (0-3)
What is Watch, Wait, and Wonder?
It’s giving the infant the chance to lead the play, it encourages free play, self efficacy, confidence, and identity (0-4yrs)
What is play therapy?
Play therapy is a method of therapy that uses play to uncover and deal with psychological issues.
What factors are assessed for a child mental health diagnosis?
- Problems in more than one setting (at school, at home, with peers ect)
- Changes in appetite or sleep
- Social withdrawal or fear of things he or she did not used to be not afraid of
- Returning to behaviours more common in younger children (bed wetting)
- Signs of being upset, sadness or tearfulness
- Signs of self-destructive behaviour such as head-banging or getting hurt often
- Repeated thoughts of death
What are some examples of childhood mental health issues?
ADD, ADHD, Anxiety, PTSD, OCD, DAG, Specific phobia, separation anxiety, panic disorder, social phobia , depression, BPAD, and eating disorders
What type of attachment is important for brain development?
Secure attachment
Discuss adolescence
A period of rapid growth and development from the age of 13 to 18 (sometimes 20) in which physical, social, cognitive, and psychological changes occur simultaneously. They develop values and have an heightened capacity for peer relationships and intimacy
What is the primary goal of the psychosocial assessment for the child/adolescent
To understand the inner world of the child/adolescent
What are some common developmental disorders?
Autistic spectrum disorder, ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and communication disorders
What are some early signs of autism spectrum disorder in children (under 3)?
Hyper fixation on a toy, not making eye contact, irritability, not responding to their name, slow to learning words.
What is the DSM 5 diagnostic domain for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
This is characterised by 2 diagnostic domains.
- Deficits in social communication and social interaction manifested by deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, non-verbal communication and developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
- Restricted repetitive behaviours, intrests and activities, manifested by at least 2 of the following: Stereotyped/repetitive motor movements, need for ‘sameness’, inflexible adherence to routines ritualized patterns of nonverbal or verbal behav, highly restrictive, fixated intrests or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment
What is the DSM 5 diagnostic domain for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
18 symptoms divided into 2 symptom domains (inattention + hyperactivity/impulsivity) of which at least 6 symptoms in one domain are required for diagnosis in children up to the age of 16
These symptoms must be present for at least 6 months to an extent that its disruptive and inappropriate for the persons developmental level
Symptoms include: short attention span, difficulty sustaining attention, distractible, not listening, repeated failure to follow instructions, poor organisation, forgetfulness, high energy, restlessness, loudness, impulsivity, disruptive, engagement in careless or dangerous activities, doesn’t accept responsibility, blames others, failure to learn from experience, low self-esteem and poor social skills
What are some mood and anxiety disorder?
Mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and GAD
What are conduct disorders?
Conduct disorder” refers to a group of repetitive and persistent behavioral and emotional problems in youngsters. Children and adolescents with this disorder have great difficulty following rules, respecting the rights of others, showing empathy, and behaving in a socially acceptable way.
What are some types of conduct disorder?
ODD Oppositional defiant disorder, Intermittent explosive disorder, Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania
What are some problems with diagnosis of mental disorders in adolescence?
Social stigma, normal developmental milestones, subjective interpretation, environmental factors, culture, politics and judgement, and substance use
What are some interventions for child and adolescent mental illness?
Good assessment (family and patient), education, therapeutic alliance, CBT, psychodynamic therapy, group therapy, case management, brief intervention, family therapy, and parent therapy, pharmacology, and milieu therapy
