Psychology chap 4-6 Flashcards by Rachel Iverson

Consciousness voluntary control; able to describe to others

Consciousness

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Simultaneous without consciousness

Unconscious

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Focus intently on ONE THING

Selective attention

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Regular cycles of behavior

Biological rhythm

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24 hour biological cycle of humans/many other species

Circadian rhythm

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Seasonal affective disorder

One outcome

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Falling asleep; slow alpha waves

Yawn

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drowsy; theta waves
breathing, heart rate slow
muscle tension, body temperature decline
body “twitching”

N-1 (non-REM 1) (15 minutes)

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“sleep spindles” ; clearly asleep
further decrease in muscle activit y
50% of nighttime sleep here

N-2 (non-REM 2) (30 minutes)

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more transition; some dreaming (NOT the dream stage)
slow-wave sleep; large delta waves
sleepwalking, bedwetting, nightmares
can STILL process stimuli

N-3 (non-REM 3) (30 minutes)

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REM Sleep rapid brain-wave activity
eyes dart; MAJOR DREAM
genital/vaginal arousal
muscles relax; not easily wakened
active limbic system/amygdala

REM Sleep

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When does the cycle repeat?

every 90 minutes

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Persistent difficulty falling OR staying asleep

Insomnia

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Short periods of no breathing

Sleep apnea

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Overwhelming sleepiness (not tied to time of day); genetic and neurologic reasons

Narcolepsy

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Scared; recall nothing likely in REM

Sleep/night terrors

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Why do we sleep?

Restore body tissue; builds immunity; sleep deprivation

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Images, thoughts, sounds, emotions, while sleeping

Dreams

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What do we dream?

Freud = “manifest content”
Day’s events, details

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Why do we dream?

Freud = “latent content”
Hidden meaning (wishes, drives)

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A chemical substance that alters perception and / or mood

Psychoactive Drug

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The drugs absence results in physical pain and intense cravings

Physical dependence

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Larger doses needed to achieve effect

Tolerance

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Psychological need, especially for drugs that reduce stress

Psychological dependence

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Negative reaction to reducing or stopping drug

Withdrawal

Compulsive drug craving and use

Addiction

__________ dependence is often harder to break than _______ dependence.

1) psychological 2) physical

SPEED UP CNS by blocking reuptake of dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin in synapses

Stimulants

Stimulant risk groups

Athletes, dieters, those desiring to stay awake

REDUCE activity of CNS

Depressants

Increase activity in certain receptor neurons in the brain and digestive system

Opioids

Most extreme alteration of consciousness; distort sensations and perceptions

Hallucinogens

Reducing stimuli to your five senses to alter consciousness

Sensory deprivation

Focuses on internal state of being

Meditation and relaxation

Erik Erikson

Interested in SOCIAL need to resolve goals and demands of each stage

Jean Piaget

Interested in COGNITIVE development - thinking

Lawrence Kohlberg

Interested in MORAL development

Fertilization of an egg by sperm; begins with ovulation

Conception

fertilized egg - conception to implantation

Zygote

Typically 2-8 weeks post-implantation

Embryo

8-40 weeks; grow, grow, grow

Fetus

Harmful agents

Terotagens

Neurons at work; "growth spurt" ; brain "plastic"

Brain development

stroke a babies cheek right after birth and they will move their head towards that side (looking for breast/bottle)

Rooting reflex

Lay a newborn down flat with their hands by their ears in tight fists; while you gently move their head to one side, their hand straightens out to the side

Tonic neck reflex

Startle response when someone picks a baby up because they are startled

Moro reflex

Mental activities associated with thinking and knowing

Cognition

"Concepts" of knowledge related to long-term memory

Schemas

Interpret experience through CURRENT schema that is already developed

Assimilation

Adjust to fit NEW information into an existing schema

Accommodation

(birth-2): coordinate senses and motor skills; no "object permanence" until - 8 months

Sensorimotor

(2-6): form mental images, but not abstract; egocentric

Preoperational

(7-11): concrete thought; more accurate concepts of time, space, numbers; still not adult logic

Concrete-operational

(12-on): abstract thought (imagination)

Formal operational

Personal knowledge worth (begins early)

Self-concept

Need for closeness to primary caregiver (body contact)

Attachment

No critical period or "imprinting" for humans

Familiarity

Capable of reproducing; hormonal changes that cause rapid physical change in the body

Puberty

Comfortable sense of "self"

Identity

Form emotionally close ties; needs identity FIRST

Intimacy

later independence, later marriage, later child-bearing

"not-yet-settled" phase of life

Weaker immune systems, but accumulate antibodies

Health

RECALL weakens; RECOGNITION intact

Memory

General knowledge (accumulate)

Crystallized intelligence

Ability to acquire information quickly abstractly (decrease)

Fluid intelligence

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Learning

We learn to associate stimuli

Classical conditioning

We learn to associate our action with stimuli

Operant conditioning

Learning by watching others

Observational learning

Stimulus that NATURALLY triggers a response

Unconditioned stimulus

UNLEARNED reaction

Unconditioned response

a previously NEUTRAL stimulus that, after association, triggers a c. conditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

LEARNED response to a conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Gradually attain a response that is strengthened over time/exposure

Acquisition

Take away US, and CR will weaken and sipper

Extinction

Return of a CR after a brief period of nonexposure

Spontaneous recovery

Response to similar stimuli after a CR to a stimulus has occurred

Generalization

Ability to distinguish between CS and another similar but IRRELEVANT stimulus

Discrimination

The organism learns to associate a stimulus with its own voluntary behavior

Operant conditioning

B.F Skinner

Applied the science of operant conditioning to real world issues

Involves reinforcing closer and closer desired responses

Shaping

The rate of response increases

Reinforcement

The rate of response decreases

Punishment

Reward after every desired response

Continuous reinforcement

Reward after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses

Fixed-ratio

Reward after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

Variable ratio

Reward after a fixed amount of time elapses

Fixed interval

Reward after a variable amount of time elapses

Variable interval