Psychology and Sociology: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding

A

Refers to the process of putting new information into memory

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2
Q

Automatic processing

A

information gained without any effort

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3
Q

Controlled (effortful) processing

A

active memorization

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4
Q

Visual encoding

A

visualizing information

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5
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

storing the way something sounds

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6
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

link information to knowledge that is already in memory

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7
Q

Semantic encoding

A

put new information into meaningful context

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8
Q

Self-reference effect

A

our tendency to recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives

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9
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

the repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory

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10
Q

Mnemonics

A

acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the information we are trying to remember

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11
Q

Method of loci

A

associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

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12
Q

Peg-word

A

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

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13
Q

Chunking

A

taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

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14
Q

Sensory memory

A

-preserves information in its original sensory form with high accuracy and lasts very short time (less than a second)
-Iconic memory: fast decaying memory of visual stimuli
-Echoic memory: fast decaying memory of auditory stimuli
-memories maintained by the major projection areas of each sensory system

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15
Q

Short-term memory

A

-fades quickly (30 s) without rehearsal
-memory capacity: the number of items we can hold in our short-term memory at any given time
-housed primarily in hippocampus

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16
Q

Working memory

A

-closely related to short-term memory and also housed in hippocampus
-allows us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information

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17
Q

Long-term memory

A

-An essentially limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are then able to recall on demand, sometimes for the rest of our lives
-Elaborative rehearsal: the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory
-Primarily controlled by the hippocampus, but memories are moved over time back to the cerebral cortex
-Implicit memory: consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned responses, none of which need to be consciously recalled

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18
Q

Procedural memory (long-term)

A

relates to our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks

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19
Q

Priming (long-term)

A

involves the presentation of one stimulus affecting perception of the second

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20
Q

Positive priming

A

occurs when exposure to the first stimulus improves processing of the second stimulus

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21
Q

Negative priming

A

the first stimulus interferes with the processing of the second stimulus, resulting in slower response times and more errors

22
Q

Explicit memory

A

consists of those memories that require conscious recall

23
Q

Episodic memory (explicit)

A

refers to our recollection of life experiences

24
Q

Semantic memory (explicit)

A

refers to ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences

25
Autobiographical memory (explicit)
the name given to our explicit memories about our lives and ourselves, and include all of our episodic memories of our own life experiences, but also include semantic memories that relate to our personal traits and characteristics
26
Retrieval
The name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained
27
Recall
the retrieval and statement of previously learned information
28
Recognition
the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned; easier than recall
29
Spacing effect (relearning)
the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of information later on
30
Spreading activation
when one node of our semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated
31
Context effect
memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
32
Source monitoring
retrieval process that involves determining the origin of memories, and whether they are factual or fictional
33
State-dependent theory
a retrieval cue based on performing better when in the same mental state as when the information was learned
34
Primacy effect
tendency to recall the first few items on a list
35
Recency effect
tendency to recall the last few items on a list
36
Serial-position effect
tendency to remember the first few things and last few things on a list
37
Interference
A retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information
38
Proactive interference
old information is interfering with new learning
39
Retroactive interference
new information cases forgetting of old information
40
Aging
-Prospective memory: remembering to perform a task at some point in the future -event based remains strong with age -time based gets worse with age
41
Reproductive memory
accurate recall of past events
42
Reconstructive memory
a theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes such as imagination, semantic memory, and perception affect the act of remembering
43
False memory
a memory that incorrectly recalls actual events or recalls events that never occurred
44
Recovered memories
repressed memories that are brought back into our conscious mind either spontaneously or through psychotherapy
45
Misinformation effect
a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory
46
Intrusion errors
-refers to false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory -The intruding memory is injected into original memory due to both memories being related or sharing a theme, not an outside source like the misinformation effect
47
Source-monitoring error
involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory; a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained
48
Neuroplasticity
phenomenon in which neural connections are rapidly formed in response to stimuli as our brains develop
49
Synaptic pruning
weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information
50
Long-term potentiation
the strengthening of neural connections through repeated use