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MCAT > Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 7 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Maladaptive

A

some aspect of an individual’s behavior negatively impacts others or leads to self-defeating outcomes

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2
Q

Biomedical approach to psychological disorders

A

-Emphasizes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of disorders
-Assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and thus the solution should be of biomedical nature
-Fails to take into account many of the other sources of disorders, such as lifestyle and socioeconomic status

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial to psychological disorders

A

-Assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder
-Biological component: something in the body, like having a particular genetic syndrome
-Psychological component: stems from the individual’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
-Social component: results from the individual’s surroundings and can include issues of perceived class in society and discrimination or stigmatization

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4
Q

Direct therapy (biopsychosocial)

A

treatment that acts directly on the individual such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist

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5
Q

Indirect therapy (biopsychosocial)

A

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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6
Q

Positive symptoms of psychotic disorders

A

behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior; features that are experienced in individuals with psychotic disorders that are not present in the normal population

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7
Q

Delusions (positive symptom)

A

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture

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8
Q

Delusions of reference (delusions)

A

involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (characters on TV are talking to them)

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9
Q

Delusions of persecution (delusions)

A

involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

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10
Q

Delusions of grandeur (delusions)

A

involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way

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11
Q

Thought broadcasting (delusions)

A

the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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12
Q

Thought withdrawal (delusions)

A

the belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head

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13
Q

Thought insertion (delusions)

A

the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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14
Q

Hallucinations (positive symptom)

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but which nevertheless seem real to the person perceiving them

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15
Q

Disorganized thought (positive symptom)

A

characterized by loosening of associations; a patient’s speech may be disorganized and ideas shift from one subject to another (word salad); neologisms (a person with schizophrenia may invent new words)

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16
Q

Disorganized behavior (positive symptom)

A

refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living; Catatonia refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia; echolalia (repeating another’s words); echopraxia (imitating another’s actions)

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17
Q

Negative symptoms

A

those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior

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18
Q

Affect (negative symptom)

A

refers to the experience and display of emotion, so disturbance of affect is any disruption to these abilities

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19
Q

Blunting (negative symptom)

A

there is a severe reduction in the intensity of signs of emotional expression

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20
Q

Emotional flattening (negative symptom; “flat effect”)

A

the effect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech (someone who laughs loudly when describing a death)

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21
Q

Avolition (negative symptom)

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

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22
Q

Schizophrenia

A

-Characterized by a break between an individual and reality
-For this diagnoses to be given, the person must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, and this 6 month period must include at least 1 month of positive symptoms

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23
Q

Phases of Schizophrenia

A

prodromal phase, active phase, and residual/recovery phase

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24
Q

Prodromal phase (schizophrenia)

A

phase before schizophrenia diagnoses that is characterized by poor adjustment; exemplified by deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences

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25
Q

Active phase (schizophrenia)

A

pronounced psychotic symptoms are displayed; usually when diagnoses occurs

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26
Q

Residual/Recovery phase (schizophrenia)

A

occurs after an active episode and is characterized by mental clarity often resulting in concern or depression

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27
Q

Depressive disorders

A

conditions characterized by feelings of sadness that are severe enough, in both magnitude and duration, to meet specific diagnostic criteria

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28
Q

9 Depressive symptoms

A

Sadness, sleep, loss of interest, guilt, low energy, decreased concentration, loss of appetite, psychomotor issues, suicidal thoughts

29
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

-The key diagnostic of major depressive disorder (MDD) is the presence of major depressive episodes
-Major depressive episode: defined as a 2-week (or longer) period in which 5 of the 9 defined depressive symptoms are encountered, which must include either depressed mood or anhedonia

30
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

A

An individual experiences a period, lasting at least 2 years, in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days

31
Q

Manic symptoms

A

associated with an exaggerated elevation in mood, accompanied by an increase in goal-directed activity and energy

32
Q

7 Manic symptoms

A

distractibility, irresponsibility, grandiosity, flight of thoughts, activity or agitation, sleep, talkative

33
Q

Manic episode

A

if manic symptoms (3 or more of the defined 7) are severe enough to impair a person’s social or work activities and persist for at least 7 days

34
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

-Key diagnostic feature is the presence of manic episodes
-Most diagnoses also include depressive symptoms but they don’t have to

35
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

The key feature is the presence of both major depressive episode and an accompanying hypomanic episode, but not a manic episode

36
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

symptoms are present for at least 4 days and include at least 3 or more of the 7 defined manic symptoms

37
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

-The presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that aren’t severe enough to be considered episodes
-For a diagnosis to be made, a person must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year (or longer) period

38
Q

Monoamine or Catecholamine theory of depression

A

too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

39
Q

Fear

A

an emotional response to an immediate threat

40
Q

Anxiety

A

fear of an upcoming or future event

41
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

irrational and excessive fear or anxiety affects an individual’s daily functioning

42
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

43
Q

Specific Phobia

A

one in which fear and anxiety are produced by a specific object or situation

44
Q

Separation anxiety disorder

A

-when anxiety is excessive and persists beyond the age where it is deemed developmentally appropriate
-Diagnosis is accompanied by the ideation that when separated, the caregiver or the individual themselves will be harmed

45
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Fear or anxiety towards social situations with the belief that the individual will be exposed, embarrassed, or simply negatively perceived by others

46
Q

Selective mutism

A

Characterized by the consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected; can speak normally in relaxed and comfortable situations

47
Q

Panic disorder

A

-Key diagnostic feature is the recurrence of unexpected panic attacks
-Expected panic attacks: attacks are associated with specific triggers
-Unexpected panic attacks: no clear trigger and attacks are seemingly random
-The diagnosis requires the recurrence of unexpected panic attacks

48
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or situations where it might be difficult for an individual to escape

49
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

The disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things- making mortgage payments, doing a good job at work, returning emails, political issues, and so on- for at least 6 months

50
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

-Characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses), which produce tensions, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life
-Obsessions raise the individual’s stress, and the compulsions relieve this stress

51
Q

Obsessions

A

perceived needs with the accompanying ideation that if a particular need is not met, then disastrous events will follow

52
Q

Compulsions

A

actions paired with obsessions

53
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

-A person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of their personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part

54
Q

Preoccupation (body dysmorphia)

A

a type of worry which lacks the disastrous ideation that accompanies obsessions

55
Q

Muscle dysmorphia (body dysmorphia)

A

the individual believes that their body is too small or unmuscular ( a preoccupation) and responds through working out

56
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as war, a home invasion, rape, or a natural disaster, and consists of intrusions symptoms, arousal symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative cognitive symptoms

57
Q

Intrusion symptoms (PTSD)

A

include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress

58
Q

Arousal symptoms (PTSD)

A

include an increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances

59
Q

Avoidance symptoms (PTSD)

A

include deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma

60
Q

Negative cognitive symptoms (PTSD)

A

include an inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world

61
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

patients with dissociative disorder avoid stress by escaping form parts of their identity

62
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

-Characterized by an inability to recall past experiences
-Dissociative fugue: a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location

63
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Two or more personalities that recurrently take control of the patient’s behavior

64
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization disorder

A

Individuals feel detached from their own minds and bodies (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization)

65
Q

3 Clusters of personality disorders

A

-Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders)
-Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder)
-Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders)

66
Q

Cluster A

A

-Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid personality disorders
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as odd or eccentric by others

67
Q

Cluster B

A

-Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others

-

68
Q

Cluster C

A

-Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as anxious or fearful by others
-Characteristics: inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines

MCAT (38 decks)

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