Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 7 Flashcards
Maladaptive
some aspect of an individual’s behavior negatively impacts others or leads to self-defeating outcomes
Biomedical approach to psychological disorders
-Emphasizes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of disorders
-Assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and thus the solution should be of biomedical nature
-Fails to take into account many of the other sources of disorders, such as lifestyle and socioeconomic status
Biopsychosocial to psychological disorders
-Assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder
-Biological component: something in the body, like having a particular genetic syndrome
-Psychological component: stems from the individual’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
-Social component: results from the individual’s surroundings and can include issues of perceived class in society and discrimination or stigmatization
Direct therapy (biopsychosocial)
treatment that acts directly on the individual such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist
Indirect therapy (biopsychosocial)
aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual
Positive symptoms of psychotic disorders
behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior; features that are experienced in individuals with psychotic disorders that are not present in the normal population
Delusions (positive symptom)
false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture
Delusions of reference (delusions)
involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (characters on TV are talking to them)
Delusions of persecution (delusions)
involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
Delusions of grandeur (delusions)
involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way
Thought broadcasting (delusions)
the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
Thought withdrawal (delusions)
the belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head
Thought insertion (delusions)
the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
Hallucinations (positive symptom)
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but which nevertheless seem real to the person perceiving them
Disorganized thought (positive symptom)
characterized by loosening of associations; a patient’s speech may be disorganized and ideas shift from one subject to another (word salad); neologisms (a person with schizophrenia may invent new words)
Disorganized behavior (positive symptom)
refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living; Catatonia refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia; echolalia (repeating another’s words); echopraxia (imitating another’s actions)
Negative symptoms
those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior
Affect (negative symptom)
refers to the experience and display of emotion, so disturbance of affect is any disruption to these abilities
Blunting (negative symptom)
there is a severe reduction in the intensity of signs of emotional expression
Emotional flattening (negative symptom; “flat effect”)
the effect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech (someone who laughs loudly when describing a death)
Avolition (negative symptom)
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
Schizophrenia
-Characterized by a break between an individual and reality
-For this diagnoses to be given, the person must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, and this 6 month period must include at least 1 month of positive symptoms
Phases of Schizophrenia
prodromal phase, active phase, and residual/recovery phase
Prodromal phase (schizophrenia)
phase before schizophrenia diagnoses that is characterized by poor adjustment; exemplified by deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences
Active phase (schizophrenia)
pronounced psychotic symptoms are displayed; usually when diagnoses occurs
Residual/Recovery phase (schizophrenia)
occurs after an active episode and is characterized by mental clarity often resulting in concern or depression
Depressive disorders
conditions characterized by feelings of sadness that are severe enough, in both magnitude and duration, to meet specific diagnostic criteria
9 Depressive symptoms
Sadness, sleep, loss of interest, guilt, low energy, decreased concentration, loss of appetite, psychomotor issues, suicidal thoughts
Major depressive disorder
-The key diagnostic of major depressive disorder (MDD) is the presence of major depressive episodes
-Major depressive episode: defined as a 2-week (or longer) period in which 5 of the 9 defined depressive symptoms are encountered, which must include either depressed mood or anhedonia
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
An individual experiences a period, lasting at least 2 years, in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days
Manic symptoms
associated with an exaggerated elevation in mood, accompanied by an increase in goal-directed activity and energy
7 Manic symptoms
distractibility, irresponsibility, grandiosity, flight of thoughts, activity or agitation, sleep, talkative
Manic episode
if manic symptoms (3 or more of the defined 7) are severe enough to impair a person’s social or work activities and persist for at least 7 days
Bipolar I disorder
-Key diagnostic feature is the presence of manic episodes
-Most diagnoses also include depressive symptoms but they don’t have to
Bipolar II disorder
The key feature is the presence of both major depressive episode and an accompanying hypomanic episode, but not a manic episode
Hypomanic episode
symptoms are present for at least 4 days and include at least 3 or more of the 7 defined manic symptoms
Cyclothymic disorder
-The presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that aren’t severe enough to be considered episodes
-For a diagnosis to be made, a person must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year (or longer) period
Monoamine or Catecholamine theory of depression
too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression
Fear
an emotional response to an immediate threat
Anxiety
fear of an upcoming or future event
Anxiety disorder
irrational and excessive fear or anxiety affects an individual’s daily functioning
Phobia
irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
Specific Phobia
one in which fear and anxiety are produced by a specific object or situation
Separation anxiety disorder
-when anxiety is excessive and persists beyond the age where it is deemed developmentally appropriate
-Diagnosis is accompanied by the ideation that when separated, the caregiver or the individual themselves will be harmed
Social anxiety disorder
Fear or anxiety towards social situations with the belief that the individual will be exposed, embarrassed, or simply negatively perceived by others
Selective mutism
Characterized by the consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected; can speak normally in relaxed and comfortable situations
Panic disorder
-Key diagnostic feature is the recurrence of unexpected panic attacks
-Expected panic attacks: attacks are associated with specific triggers
-Unexpected panic attacks: no clear trigger and attacks are seemingly random
-The diagnosis requires the recurrence of unexpected panic attacks
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or situations where it might be difficult for an individual to escape
Generalized anxiety disorder
The disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things- making mortgage payments, doing a good job at work, returning emails, political issues, and so on- for at least 6 months
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
-Characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses), which produce tensions, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life
-Obsessions raise the individual’s stress, and the compulsions relieve this stress
Obsessions
perceived needs with the accompanying ideation that if a particular need is not met, then disastrous events will follow
Compulsions
actions paired with obsessions
Body dysmorphic disorder
-A person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of their personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part
Preoccupation (body dysmorphia)
a type of worry which lacks the disastrous ideation that accompanies obsessions
Muscle dysmorphia (body dysmorphia)
the individual believes that their body is too small or unmuscular ( a preoccupation) and responds through working out
Posttraumatic stress disorder
occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as war, a home invasion, rape, or a natural disaster, and consists of intrusions symptoms, arousal symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative cognitive symptoms
Intrusion symptoms (PTSD)
include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress
Arousal symptoms (PTSD)
include an increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances
Avoidance symptoms (PTSD)
include deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
Negative cognitive symptoms (PTSD)
include an inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world
Dissociative disorders
patients with dissociative disorder avoid stress by escaping form parts of their identity
Dissociative amnesia
-Characterized by an inability to recall past experiences
-Dissociative fugue: a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Two or more personalities that recurrently take control of the patient’s behavior
Depersonalization/Derealization disorder
Individuals feel detached from their own minds and bodies (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization)
3 Clusters of personality disorders
-Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders)
-Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder)
-Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders)
Cluster A
-Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid personality disorders
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as odd or eccentric by others
Cluster B
-Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others
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Cluster C
-Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders
-All marked by behavior that is labeled as anxious or fearful by others
-Characteristics: inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines
