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MCAT > Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

individuals liking each other

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2
Q

Self-disclosure

A

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

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3
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

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4
Q

Mere exposure effect or familiarity effect

A

the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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5
Q

Aggression

A

a behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance

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6
Q

Parts of the brain contributing to violent behavior

A

-Amygdala: part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments
-Aggression is under hormonal control; higher levels of testosterone have been linked to more aggressive behavior in both males and females

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7
Q

Cognitive neoassociation model

A

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain

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8
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy

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9
Q

Secure attachment

A

Is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that her or she has a secure base to return to

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10
Q

Insecure attachment

A

children with avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment which lead to deficits in social skills

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11
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

-Results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distress child
-Given the choice, these children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver

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12
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

-Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully
-Child is unable to form a secure base because he or she cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
-Anxious-ambivalent attachment: child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver

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13
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

-Children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
-Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver

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14
Q

Social support

A

-The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
-Can be divided into many different categories: emotional, esteem, material, informational, and a network support

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15
Q

Sensation of hunger

A

-controlled by the hypothalamus
-The lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, while the ventromedial hypothalamus responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety

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16
Q

Altruism

A

A form of helping behavior in which the individual’s intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self

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17
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and it is thought by some social psychologists to be a strong influence on helping behavior

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18
Q

Empathy-Altruism hypothesis

A

one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for another person, regardless of the cost

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19
Q

Game theory

A

Attempts to explain decision-making behavior

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20
Q

4 Possible outcomes for the Hawk-Dove Game

A

-Altruism: the donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to him- or herself
-Cooperation: both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
-Spite: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
-Selfishness: the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

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21
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

-A measure of an organism’s success in the population
-Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others

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22
Q

Social perception

A

provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people

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23
Q

Components of social perception

A

-Perceiver: influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
-Target: refers to the person about which the perception is made
-Situation

24
Q

Impression bias

A

-Focuses on our selection of cues to form interpretations of others that are consistent over time

25
Q

Primary effect (impression bias)

A

the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

26
Q

Recency effect (impression bias)

A

it is actually the most recent information we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our impressions

27
Q

Reliance on central traits (impression bias)

A

individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

28
Q

Implicit personality theory (impression bias)

A

there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

29
Q

Stereotyping

A

making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed

30
Q

Halo effect

A

-a cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual
-It is the tendency to allow a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person

31
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

In a so-called just world, good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished

32
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Refers to the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failures on external factors

33
Q

Self-enhancement

A

focuses on the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias

34
Q

Self-verification

A

suggest people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, thereby validating a person’s self-serving bias

35
Q

Attribution theory

A

Describes how individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior

36
Q

Dispositional (internal) attributions

A

those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

37
Q

Situational (external) attributions

A

those that related to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure

38
Q

Consistency cues

A

refer to the behavior with the motives of the person

39
Q

Consensus cues

A

relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others

40
Q

Distinctiveness cues

A

refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios

41
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

-focuses on the intentionality of other’s behavior
-When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution

42
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others

43
Q

Attribute substitution

A

Occurs when individuals make judgements that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

44
Q

Cultural attribution

A

The type of culture an individual belongs to plays a major role in the types of attributions the individuals makes

45
Q

Stereotypes

A

-refer to the expectations, impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group
-Stereotypes occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group in individuals

46
Q

Stereotype content model

A

-attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions; warmth and competence
-Warm groups are those that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
-Competent groups are those that have high status within society

47
Q

Paternalistic stereotypes

A

high warmth, low competence; the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored

48
Q

Contemptuous stereotypes

A

low warmth, low competence; the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger

49
Q

Envious stereotypes

A

low warmth, high competence; the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust

50
Q

Admiration stereotypes

A

high warmth, high competence; the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

51
Q

Stereotype threat

A

In some social situations, a person might be concerned or anxious about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group

52
Q

Prejudice

A

-An irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity

53
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Refers to the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion

54
Q

Cultural relativism

A

the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studies on their own terms

55
Q

Discrimination

A

Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

56
Q

Individual discrimination

A

refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group

57
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

MCAT (38 decks)

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