Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 9

Question 1

Social statuses

Answer 1

positions in society that are used to classify individuals

Question 2

Ascribed status

Answer 2

given involuntarily (usually at birth), due to such factors as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor

Question 4

Master status

Answer 4

status by which a person is most identified

Question 5

Roles

Answer 5

sets of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

Question 6

Role performance

Answer 6

the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role

Question 7

Role partner

Answer 7

the person with whom one is interacting

Question 8

Role set

Answer 8

the various roles associated with a status

Question 9

Role conflict

Answer 9

the difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles

Question 10

Role strain

Answer 10

the difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

Question 11

Role exit

Answer 11

the dropping of one identity for another

Question 12

Group (social group)

Answer 12

-consists of two or more people who share any number of similar characteristics as well as a sense of unity

Question 13

In-group

Answer 13

social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member

Question 14

Out-group

Answer 14

refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify

Question 15

Group conflict

Answer 15

out-groups can sometimes compete with or oppose in-groups

Question 16

Peer group

Answer 16

group that consists of self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses

Question 17

Family group

Answer 17

determined by birth, adoption, and marriage

Question 18

Reference group

Answer 18

groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves

Question 19

Primary group

Answer 19

interactions between members of the group are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

Question 20

Secondary group

Answer 20

the interactions are impersonal and businesslike, with few emotional bonds and with the goal of accomplishing a specific task

Question 21

Ferdinand Tonnies Theory

Answer 21

-Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Community and society)
-Gemeinschaft (Community): refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
-Gesellschaft (society): refers to less personal groups that are formed out of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal

Question 22

Group conformity

Answer 22

individuals are compliant with the group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal

Question 23

Networks

Answer 23

Used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups

Question 24

Immediate networks

Answer 24

dense with strong ties

Question 25

Distant networks

Answer 25

looser and contain weaker ties

Question 26

Organizations

Answer 26

Complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture

Question 27

Characteristic Institution

Answer 27

in prehistoric times this included kin, clan, or sib; in modern times this includes bureaucracy

Question 28

Bureaucracy

Answer 28

rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control

Question 29

6 Characteristics of a bureaucracy

Answer 29

-paid
-nonelected officials on a fixed salary
-Officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their careers out of holding office
-Regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones
-Officials who enter the organization by holding an advanced degree or training
-Responsibilities, obligations, privileges, and work procedures rigidly defined by the organization
-Responsibility for meeting the demands of one’s position

Question 30

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 30

states that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

Question 31

McDonaldization

Answer 31

refers to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices

Question 32

Self-presentation

Answer 32

the process of displaying ourselves to society both visually and through our actions, often to make sure others see us in the best possible light

Question 33

Appraisal model

Answer 33

accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

Question 34

Social construction model of emotion

Answer 34

-Assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions
-Emotions are based on experiences and the situational context alone
-Suggests that certain emotions can only exist within social encounters and that emotions are expressed differently- and thus play different roles- across cultures

Question 35

Display rules (social construction model)

Answer 35

cultural expectations of emotions

Question 36

Cultural syndrome (social construction model)

Answer 36

-shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
-Influence the rules for expressing or suppressing emotions and can influence the ways emotions are experienced

Question 37

Impression management

Answer 37

-Refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us
-This is done by regulating or controlling information we present about ourselves in social interactions

Question 38

Authentic self

Answer 38

describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes

Question 39

Ideal self

Answer 39

refers to who we would like to be under optimal circumstances

Question 40

Tactical self

Answer 40

refers to who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us

Question 41

Dramaturgical approach

Answer 41

-uses the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations
-Front stage self: the persona they present to an audience
-Back stage self: the persona adopted when not in a social situation and there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image

Question 42

George Herbet Mead Theory of Me and I

Answer 42

-Me: the part of self that is developed through interaction with society
-The development of the Me comes from considering the generalized other, which is based on a person’s established perceptions of the expectations of society
-I: the individual’s own impulses
-A person’s impulses are shaped by their interpretations of society’s expectations
-The Me shapes the I