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MCAT > Biology: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 7 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The right side of the heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs through pulmonary arteries

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2
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta

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3
Q

Atria

A

-thin-walled structures where blood is received from either the venae cava or the pulmonary veins
-The atria contract to push blood into the ventricles

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

-receive blood from the atria
-After they fill, they contract to send blood to the lungs and to the systemic circulation
-Far more muscular than the atria which allows for more powerful contractions

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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

separate the atria from the ventricles

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6
Q

Tricuspid valves (AV valves)

A

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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7
Q

Mitral/Bicuspid valves (AV valves)

A

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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8
Q

Semilunar valves

A

separate ventricles from vasculature

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9
Q

Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)

A

the valve that separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

Aortic valve (semilunar valve)

A

the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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11
Q

SA node (electrical conduction of the heart)

A

-impulse initiation occurs here
-located in the wall of the right atrium
-As the depolarization wave spreads from the SA node, it causes the two atria to contract simultaneously (atrial systole)

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12
Q

AV node (electrical conduction of the heart)

A

-signal travels here which sits at the junction of the atria and ventricles
-The signal is delayed here to allow the ventricles to fill completely before they contract

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13
Q

Bundle of His (electrical conduction of the heart)

A

signal travels down this and its branches which is embedded in the interventricular septum

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14
Q

Purkinje fibers (electrical conduction of the heart)

A

distribute the electrical signal through the ventricular muscle and allows for ventricular contraction

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15
Q

Systole

A

ventricular contraction and closure of the AV valves occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles

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16
Q

Diastole

A

the ventricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed, and blood from the atria fills the ventricles

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17
Q

Cardiac output

A

-the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
-Product of heart rate (HR, beats per minute) and stroke volume (SV, volume of blood pumped per beat)
-CO = HR x SV

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18
Q

Endothelial cells (vasculature)

A

-release chemicals to aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction
-allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into the tissues during inflammatory response

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19
Q

Arteries

A

-Move blood away from the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
-Most contain oxygenated blood; only pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries contain deoxygenated
-Highly muscular and elastic

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20
Q

Capillaries

A

-Vessels with a single endothelial cell layer and are so small that red blood cells must pass through the capillaries in a single-file line
-Thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes
-Leaky which aids in the transport of gases and solutes

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21
Q

Veins

A

-Transport blood to the heart
-Thin-walled and inelastic
-Most contain deoxygenated blood; only pulmonary veins and umbilical veins contain oxygenated

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22
Q

Superior vena cava (SVC)

A

returns blood from portions of the body above the heart

23
Q

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

A

returns blood from the portions of the body below the heart

24
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

blood leaving capillary beds in the walls of the gut pass through the hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in the liver

25
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

blood leaving capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

26
Q

Renal portal system

A

blood leaving the glomerulu travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta

27
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood. An aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

28
Q

Cellular portion of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

29
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-red blood cells
-Specialized cell designed for oxygen transport
-contains molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can bind four molecules of oxygen
-Their shape assists them in traveling through small capillaries and aids in increasing surface area which increases gas exchange
-When they mature, they lose the nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin

30
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blood cells
-Crucial part of the immune system, acting as our defenders against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer, and other material not recognized

31
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

32
Q

Classes of leukocytes

A

-Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
-Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

33
Q

Granulocytes

A

-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-contain cytoplasmic granules which contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to invading microbes

34
Q

Agranulocytes

A

-lymphocytes, monocytes
-don’t contain granules

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

act as primary responders against infection or maintain a long-term memory bank of particular pathogens

36
Q

Monocytes

A

-phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria
-Once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, monocytes are renamed macrophages

37
Q

Monocytes

A

-phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria
-Once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, monocytes are renamed macrophages

38
Q

Thrombocytes

A

-Platelets
-Cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes
-Assist in blood clotting

39
Q

Blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

40
Q

Universal donor

A

O

41
Q

Universal receiver

A

AB

42
Q

Rh factor

A

-Another surface protein expressed on red blood cells
-positivity follows autosomal dominant inheritance; one positive allele is enough for the protein to be expressed
-Can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis where maternal blood cells attack fetal blood cells

43
Q

Low blood pressure

A

-promotes aldosterone and ADH to release
-High blood osmolarity also promotes ADH release

44
Q

High blood pressure

A

promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release

45
Q

Gas and solute exchange

A

occurs at the level of capillaries and relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the capillary walls

46
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs

A

-high
-oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin

47
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues

A

-low
-oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin

48
Q

Starling forces

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

49
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

-the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel
-forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed

50
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

“sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes

51
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

-osmotic pressure due to proteins
-draws fluid back in at the venule end

52
Q

Bohr effect

A

a high CO2 partial pressure, high H+ concentration, low pH, high temperature, and high concentration of 2,3-BPG can cause a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting a decreased affinity for oxygen

53
Q

Coagulation

A

-Results from an activation cascade
-When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed which results in a coagulation cascade that forms a clot over the damaged area
-Platelets bind to the collagen and are stabilized by fibrin, which is activated by thrombin
-Clots can be broken down by plasmin

MCAT (38 decks)

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