Biology: Chapter 7 Flashcards by Alayna Grier

Pulmonary circulation

The right side of the heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs through pulmonary arteries

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Systemic circulation

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta

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Atria

-thin-walled structures where blood is received from either the venae cava or the pulmonary veins
-The atria contract to push blood into the ventricles

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Ventricles

-receive blood from the atria
-After they fill, they contract to send blood to the lungs and to the systemic circulation
-Far more muscular than the atria which allows for more powerful contractions

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Atrioventricular valves

separate the atria from the ventricles

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Tricuspid valves (AV valves)

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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Mitral/Bicuspid valves (AV valves)

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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Semilunar valves

separate ventricles from vasculature

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Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)

the valve that separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

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Aortic valve (semilunar valve)

the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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SA node (electrical conduction of the heart)

-impulse initiation occurs here
-located in the wall of the right atrium
-As the depolarization wave spreads from the SA node, it causes the two atria to contract simultaneously (atrial systole)

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AV node (electrical conduction of the heart)

-signal travels here which sits at the junction of the atria and ventricles
-The signal is delayed here to allow the ventricles to fill completely before they contract

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Bundle of His (electrical conduction of the heart)

signal travels down this and its branches which is embedded in the interventricular septum

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Purkinje fibers (electrical conduction of the heart)

distribute the electrical signal through the ventricular muscle and allows for ventricular contraction

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Systole

ventricular contraction and closure of the AV valves occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles

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Diastole

the ventricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed, and blood from the atria fills the ventricles

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Cardiac output

-the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
-Product of heart rate (HR, beats per minute) and stroke volume (SV, volume of blood pumped per beat)
-CO = HR x SV

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Endothelial cells (vasculature)

-release chemicals to aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction
-allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into the tissues during inflammatory response

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Arteries

-Move blood away from the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
-Most contain oxygenated blood; only pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries contain deoxygenated
-Highly muscular and elastic

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Capillaries

-Vessels with a single endothelial cell layer and are so small that red blood cells must pass through the capillaries in a single-file line
-Thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes
-Leaky which aids in the transport of gases and solutes

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Veins

-Transport blood to the heart
-Thin-walled and inelastic
-Most contain deoxygenated blood; only pulmonary veins and umbilical veins contain oxygenated

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Superior vena cava (SVC)

returns blood from portions of the body above the heart

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

returns blood from the portions of the body below the heart

Hepatic portal system

blood leaving capillary beds in the walls of the gut pass through the hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in the liver

Hypophyseal portal system

blood leaving capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

Renal portal system

blood leaving the glomerulu travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta

Plasma

liquid portion of blood. An aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Cellular portion of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Erythrocytes

-red blood cells -Specialized cell designed for oxygen transport -contains molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can bind four molecules of oxygen -Their shape assists them in traveling through small capillaries and aids in increasing surface area which increases gas exchange -When they mature, they lose the nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin

Leukocytes

-white blood cells -Crucial part of the immune system, acting as our defenders against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer, and other material not recognized

Types of leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Classes of leukocytes

-Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) -Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

Granulocytes

-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils -contain cytoplasmic granules which contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to invading microbes

Agranulocytes

-lymphocytes, monocytes -don’t contain granules

Lymphocytes

act as primary responders against infection or maintain a long-term memory bank of particular pathogens

Monocytes

-phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria -Once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, monocytes are renamed macrophages

Monocytes

-phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria -Once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, monocytes are renamed macrophages

Thrombocytes

-Platelets -Cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes -Assist in blood clotting

Blood types

A, B, AB, O

Universal donor

Universal receiver

Rh factor

-Another surface protein expressed on red blood cells -positivity follows autosomal dominant inheritance; one positive allele is enough for the protein to be expressed -Can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis where maternal blood cells attack fetal blood cells

Low blood pressure

-promotes aldosterone and ADH to release -High blood osmolarity also promotes ADH release

High blood pressure

promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release

Gas and solute exchange

occurs at the level of capillaries and relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the capillary walls

Partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs

-high -oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin

Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues

-low -oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin

Starling forces

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure

-the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel -forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed

Osmotic pressure

“sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes

Oncotic pressure

-osmotic pressure due to proteins -draws fluid back in at the venule end

Bohr effect

a high CO2 partial pressure, high H+ concentration, low pH, high temperature, and high concentration of 2,3-BPG can cause a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting a decreased affinity for oxygen

Coagulation

-Results from an activation cascade -When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed which results in a coagulation cascade that forms a clot over the damaged area -Platelets bind to the collagen and are stabilized by fibrin, which is activated by thrombin -Clots can be broken down by plasmin