Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 1

Question 1

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 1

transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

Question 2

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 2

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

found between other neurons and are the most numerous; located predominantly in brain and spinal cord and often linked to reflexive behavior

Question 4

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 4

composed of brain and spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 5

made up of nerve tissues and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 6

Somatic nervous system (division of PNS)

Answer 6

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout skin, joints, and muscles

Question 7

Autonomic nervous system (division of PNS)

Answer 7

manages the involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands; all functions that are controlled by autonomic nervous system are automatic or independent of conscious control

Question 8

Parasympathetic nervous system (division of autonomic nervous system)

Answer 8

main role is to conserve energy (resting and sleeping states); manages digestion, reduces heart rate and constricts bronchi

Question 9

Sympathetic nervous system (division of autonomic nervous system)

Answer 9

activated by stress (fight or flight), increases heart rate, decreases digestion, dilates eyes

Question 10

Agonist

Answer 10

drug that mimics the action of some neurotransmitter

Question 11

Antagonist

Answer 11

drug that blocks the action of neurotransmitter

Question 12

Catecholamines

Answer 12

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Question 13

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 13

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness; promote fight or flight response

Question 14

Dopamine

Answer 14

Plays an important role in movement and posture; makes you feel good

Question 15

Serotonin

Answer 15

Play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming

Question 16

GABA

Answer 16

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain

Question 17

Glycine

Answer 17

serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by increasing chloride influx into the neuron

Question 18

Glutamate

Answer 18

another neurotransmitter for CNS; excitatory

Question 19

Endorphins

Answer 19

natural painkillers

Question 20

Neural crest

Answer 20

will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues like dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid

Question 21

Neural tube

Answer 21

will go on to create swellings of the brain

Question 22

Rooting reflex

Answer 22

automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek

Question 23

Moro reflex

Answer 23

infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying

Question 24

Babinski reflex

Answer 24

causes the toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

Question 25

Grasping reflex

Answer 25

occurs when the infant closes his or her fingers around an object placed in his or her hand

Question 26

Gross motor skills

Answer 26

incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion

Question 27

Fine motor skills

Answer 27

involve the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, providing a more specific and delicate movement