Psychology and Sociology: Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Sociology

A

the study of society; how we create society, how we interact within and change society, and how we define what is normal and abnormal in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Micro level of sociology

A

consists of family groups and local communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meso level of sociology

A

consists of organizations, institutions and ethnic subcultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macro level of sociology

A

consists of national and international systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symbol

A

any object, image, sound, or action that carries meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

is an approach to sociology pioneered by influential sociologist Georgy Herbert Mead that attempts to understand human action and interaction by studying the symbols we use to communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 assumptions symbolic interactionism makes about human behavior

A

-Humans act toward symbols based on the meanings that these symbols carry
-The meanings symbols carry come from social interaction
-Humans interpret the meaning of symbols, and this interpretation influences action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Social construct

A

any idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social constructionism

A

the attempt to understand a society through the study of the society’s social constructs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rational choice theory

A

-focuses on individual decision making; humans will make rational choices to further their own self-interests
-people weigh the costs and benefits when making choices, ranking their options based on maximizing perceived benefit
- social exchange theory or exchange theory: whether there is reciprocity and balance in social relationships
-People stay in relationships because they get something from the exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conflict theory

A

attempts to understand society by examining the inevitable conflicts between groups in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Capitalism

A

an economic system which individuals and corporations, rather than governments, own and control what Marx called the means of production meaning property, machinery, factories, or any other means of creating a saleable good or service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Capitalist (bourgeoisie) class

A

small, wealthy class who control the means of production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Worker (proletariat) class

A

lower class that performs manual labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Interest groups

A

individuals that organize into a group to use tools such as protesting or voting to enact change and equalize power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structural functionalism

A

Interested in how large societies survive over long time periods, and is therefore concerned with social cohesion and stability
-inverse of conflict theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Religiosity

A

refers to how religious one considers him- or herself to be, and includes strength of religious beliefs, engagement in religious practices, and attitudes about religion itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Denominations/sects

A

members of a religion that group because they share certain beliefs or practices but no the others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cult

A

a religious sect may take on extreme or deviant philosophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fundamentalism

A

maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Democracy

A

allows every citizen a political voice, usually through electing representatives of office

23
Q

Monarchies

A

include a royal ruler (a king or queen), although the ruler’s powers may be significantly limited by the presence of a constitution, a parliamentary system, or some other legislative body

24
Q

Dictatorship

A

system where a single person holds power, and usually includes a mechanism to quell threats to his power

25
Q

Theocracy

A

a system where power is held by religious leaders

26
Q

Capitalist economies

A

focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success or failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as little intervention from central governing bodies as possible

27
Q

Socialist economies

A

treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual into the system; profit is then distribute equally to the workforce

28
Q

Sick role

A

an ill patient is not responsible for their illness and is exempt from normal social roles

29
Q

4 Key tenets of medical ethics

A

-Beneficence: the physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest
-Nonmaleficence: do not harm; the physician has a responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit
-Respect for patient autonomy: the physician has a responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare. While there are exceptions to this rule, patients do have the right to refuse life-saving therapies
-Justice: the physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

30
Q

Material culture

A

includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

31
Q

Symbolic culture

A

-Focuses on the ideas that represent a group of people
-May be encoded in motts, songs, or catchphrases, or may simple by themes that are pervasive in the culture

32
Q

Cultural lag

A

symbolic culture is usually slower to change than material culture

33
Q

Values

A

what a person deems important in life, which dictates one’s ethical principles and standards of behaviors

34
Q

Belief

A

something that in individual accepts to be truth

35
Q

Cultural barriers

A

a cultural difference impedes interaction with others

36
Q

Norms

A

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

37
Q

Ritual

A

a formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior

38
Q

Common demographic categories

A

age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

39
Q

Population density

A

counts the number of people per square kilometer of land area

40
Q

Population pyramids

A

provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

41
Q

Fertility rate

A

children per woman per lifetime

42
Q

Birth rate

A

children per 1000 people per year

43
Q

Mortality rate

A

deaths per 1000 people per year

44
Q

Migration rate

A

immigration rate minus emigration rate

45
Q

Demographic transition

A

a specific example of a demographic shift that occurs as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrial economic system

46
Q

Demographic transition theory

A

-Stage 1: preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high, resulting in stable population
-Stage 2: economic progress leads to improvements to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages, causing a decrease in death rates. Thus, total population increases
-Stage 3: improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates to drop
-Stage 4: an industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low, resulting in a relative constant total population

47
Q

Malthusian theory

A

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

48
Q

Relative deprivation

A

a decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the whole of society, or relative to what the group is accustomed to from the past

49
Q

Proactive social movements

A

promote social change

50
Q

Reactive social movements

A

resist social change

51
Q

Globalization

A

The process of merging of the separate nations of the world into a single sociocultural entity, and is a relatively recent phenomenon spurred on by improvements in global communication technology and economic interdependence

52
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to dense areas of population creating a pull of migration; cities are formed as individuals move into and establish residency in these new urban centers

53
Q

Ghettos

A

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually do to social or economic inequalities

54
Q

Slum

A

extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation