Psych Soc/Master Doc Flashcards
1
Q
Bipolar disorder major characteristics
A
Characterized by extreme mood swings and energy levels
2
Q
The 3 As of stress
A
Anger: type A: easily angered individuals, agressive, competitive
-Type B: easygoing
Anxiety: Amygdala: fears/phobias lead to perception of things as more fearful
Addiction: Coping mechanisms for stress can lead to addiction
3
Q
World Systems Theory
A
Looks at world as a unit rather than individual countries
4
Q
Where is the region associated with proprioception and kinesthesia located?
A
In central region of temporal lobe
5
Q
Pheremones
A
Chemicals secreted by one animal
-Once bonded with chemoreceptors, compel/urge another animal to behave in a specific way
6
Q
Gray vs White Matter
A
Gray: Most neuron somas -Inside of spinal cord -Outside of brain White: Myelinated axons -Outside of spinal cord -Inside of brain -Axons go down tracts of white matter
7
Q
Contra lateral Control of brain
A
Left brain controls right body and right brain controls left body
-True for all senses
8
Q
Substance induced vs substance use disorders
A
Induced: caused by substance
Use: drug causes impact of life
9
Q
Optic disk
A
No rods or cones
-Blind spot of the eye
10
Q
Hindbrain development
A
Divides into myencephalon and metencephalon
Myencephalon=medulla oblongata
Metencephalon=pons and cerebellum
11
Q
Hypomania definition
A
Mild forms of mania: Lots of energy, creativity
-Does not always develop into mania
12
Q
Material culture vs non material
A
Material: physical and technological aspects of daily lives -Food/houses Non-material: aka symbolic culture -Doesn't include physical objects -Ideas beliefs and values
13
Q
Examples of rewards and punishments of exchange theory
A
Rewards: social approval, money, gifts, positive gestures
Punishments: negative gestures, disapproval, public humiliation
14
Q
Oppression
A
Someone treated unjustly and encouraged to occupy gender based social roles
15
Q
Shadowing
A
Experiment that studies selective attention by repeating things heard in one ear and ignoring those heard in the other
16
Q
Economy institution types
A
Capitalism: private ownership of production with market economy based on supply and demand
Socialism: motivated by what benefits society as a whole
-Common ownership of production that focuses on human needs and economic demands
17
Q
What are utricle and saccule sensitive to?
A
Sensitive to linear acceleration
-Balancing apparatus to determine one’s orientation in 3D space
18
Q
How are different sizes of societies held together under functionalist viewpoint
A
Small societies: held together by similarities
-Once population starts to grow, people become specialized and less similar
Large: stay together when individuals become interdependent on each other in their different roles
19
Q
Schizoid disorder
A
Emotionally detached in relationships and shows little emotion
20
Q
What are the 6 univeresal emotions
A
FAHDSS F: Fear A Anger H Happiness D Disgust S Surprise S Sadness
21
Q
Cultural natural selection
A
Certain behaviors in cultures have a greater chance of being passed onto the next generation
22
Q
Peripher nation
A
Relatively weak gov
Influenced/dependent greatly on core countries and transnational corportaions
Economy focused on one activity like extracting raw material
High percentage of people are poor/uneducated
Strong upper class controls economy
Many inequalities
23
Q
Main criticism of social constructionism
A
Doesn’t consider effect of natural phenomenon on society
-Strong constructionism has difficulty explaining phenomeno that don’t depend on human speech or actions
24
Q
Two-point threshold
A
Min. distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin.
-Below threshold, two stimuli felt as one
25
Institutions sociology definition
Essential parts of society
| -Impose structure on how individuals behave
26
Culture lag def
Culture takes time to catch up with tech innovations
| -This results in social problems
27
What follows mania
Depressive episodes
28
Stimulants function
Excites CNS, more awake, more energy
| -Inc gluc metabolism to brain
29
Physiological component of emotion
- Physical response to emotion
| - Ex: surprised emotion -> inc HR and respirations begin
30
Good continuation
Elements that appear to follow in some pathway tend to be grouped together
- Perception of continuous patterns in stimuli instead of abrupt changes
- AKA principle of common fate
31
Cultural assimilation def
Interpretation and fusion of ethnic minorities into dominant culture
32
Location of each of the ossicles?
Malleus/hammer: affixed to tympanic membrane
Incus/Anvil: acted upon by malleus
Stapes/stirrup: Acted upon by incus
33
Daydreaming
More relaxed
Not as focused
Can also be self-induced via meditation
34
What are the effects on the metabolism from chronic stress
Glucagon and cortisol released during stress rxn could lead to excess gluc in blood and CAD
35
What are the types of abuse found in family institution
child, spouse, elder
36
Dominant hemisphere characteristics
Primarily analytic:
- Language, logic, math skills
- Language production and comprehension
37
Psychosocial factors causing depression
Learned helplessness -> powerlessness over environment
Cognitive distortions: trapped in negative thought pattern
Attribution: linking negative experiences with internal causes
-Will continue to occur in future
Co-rumination: having roommates with depression
Low SES status, child abuse, internalization of prejudice
38
Affects of sleep deprivation
Could become more irritable and have poorer memory and attention
-More susceptible to obesity and can increase risk of depression
39
Weber's factors that moderate people's reactions to inequality
Class, status/prestige, power
40
Syntax def
How words are put together in sentences
| -Order that words ar eplaced together
41
Endogenous/internal cues
Req internal knowledge to understand and intention to follow the cue
-Driven by top down processing
42
Functionalism institutions vs social facts
Institutions: Structures that meet needs of society
Social facts: Ways of thinking and acting formed by society that existed before any one individual and long after any one individual is dead
43
Excessive autonomy def
Oping via social isolation
44
Low effort syndrome coping def
Coping responses of minority groups to attempt to fit in to dominant culture
-Minority starts to put less work in in response to dominant culture
45
What are the three factors that influence ability to multitask
Task similarity, task difficulty, practice
46
Somatosensory Cortex:
```
-Involved in receiving sensory signals from the skin
Motor cortex (frontal) + Somatosensory cortex (parietal)
```
47
How can brain waves be measured for sleep patterns?
Electroencephalograms EEGs
48
Role of Diencephalon
Contains posterior pituitary which releases ADH and oxytocin
| -Also contains pineal gland with regulates circadian rhythms via release of melatonin
49
What happens if the arcuate fasiculus is damaged
Conduction aphasia
| -Difficulty to conduct between listening and speaking
50
Narcolepsy
Can't help oneself from falling asleep
51
Endorphins
Natural painkillers produced by brain
52
Who is associated with the beavhiorist theory of language
BF skinner
53
Alcohol affects what part of brain?
Cerebellum
| -Affects speech and balance
54
Magnocellular Cells
High temporal resolution
- Located in different section of lateral geniculate nucleus
- Primarily receives inputs from periphery of vision
- Low spatial resolution -> blurry but moving image of object
55
Anterior cingulate cortex
Higher order cognitive processes
- Impulse control and decision making
- Also connects to limbic system for roles in emotion/motivation
56
SOmatic symptom disorder characteristics
When mental disorders exacerbate or lead to own physical symptoms
- Can be any symptom like general fatigue
- May cause functional impairments
57
Anomia
Inability to name things
58
Similarity
Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
59
Social constructionism take on sociology
People actively shape their reality via social interactions and agreements
60
Enkephalins
Related to Endorphins and are similar to opiods
61
Parvocellular Cells
Located in lateral geniculate nucleus and perceives form
| -Able to detect very fine detail but only with stationary or slow-moving object -> low temporal resolution
62
Delusions of grandeur
-Symptom of Schizo
-Belief that one is a famous or important figure
Ex: could also believe that one has superpowers
63
Piaget take on langauge
Children develop language to describe their thoughts
64
Where does Parkinson’s affect brain
Substantial nigra do not appear dark
- Loss of dopaminergic neurons that release DA
- Often includes Levy bodies with alpha synuclein clumped together
65
What are the effects on the reproductive system from chronic stress
Reproductive energy is shut down during stress rxn in women
- FSH/LH and then estrogen/progesterone inhibited
- Boys reduced testosterone during stress rxn but never to point of infertility
- Inc constriction of blood vessels leads to sexual dysfunction
66
Richard Lazarus theory of stress
Appraisal Theory
67
Cluster B
WILD
| Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
68
Semi-periphery nations
Middle between the two other types
| Not dominant in international trade but has diversified/developed economy
69
Primary appraisal of stress
1. Can be seen as irrelevant -> stressful but unimportant
2. Negative: stressor is actually threatening
3. Positive: STressor is eliminated
70
Surrender maladaptive coping mechanism
Compliance/dependence: relies on others, dependent, avoids conflict, people pleasing
71
Apraphia def
Inability to write
72
Relation of intensity, vibration amplitude, and loudness of sounds
Louder sounds have greater intensity and an increased amplitude of vibration
-Direct relationship
73
Objectification
Someone is regarded as an object and treated as less important
74
Components of CNS
Brain and spinal cord
75
Do individuals need institutions?
Very reliant on institutions and community
76
Convergence
Brain detects angle between two eyes required to bring an object to focus
-Difference in the degree of convergence is used to perceive distance
77
Government institution characteristics
Has the power and authority to manage a country
| -Can take form of democracies, dictatorships, communism, monarchy
78
What does loss of cholinergic neurons do?
Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
79
How are the hemisphers of the brain oranized
Contralaterally: L visual field processed by R hemisphere
80
Practice factor of multitasking def
Activities well practced become automatic or occur without need for as much attention
- Whether task is automated or controlled is determined by amount of practice
- COntrolled tasks are harder and require more attention than automated tasks
81
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Two or more distinct personalities exist in a single body
| -Both have influence on persons thoughts and behaviors
82
How are social phenomena explained via symbolic interactionism
In terms of meanings that they hold when people interact with each other
-Subjective: meanings people believe to be true
83
Why do multinational coroporations suck
They often exploit the workders in the host country and outsource can hurt the core country
- Free trade allows them to have autonomy
- Large influence on politics
84
What part of brain is excited with positive emotions
More activity in L hemisphere
| -Sown with EEG scans
85
Modernization definition
More info available to public
| -Leads to less emphasis on religion
86
What occurs if damage to both brocas and wernicke's area
Global aphasia -> combo of both aphasias
87
Interactionist aproach of language
Biological and social factors interact ino rder for a cild to learn language
-Motivation to learn language is through a child's deisre to interact with others
88
Fovea
Located inside the macula
- Contains only cones
- Best visual acuity at fovea
- Where inverted image is projected
89
Activist vs regressive/reactionary movements
Activists: change some aspect of society
Reactionary: resist change
90
Vgotsky take on language
Langauge and thought are independent
-They converge through development
-Children lean to use both at the same time via socialization
They devleop their language when they interacts with adults who already know language
91
Cluster A disorders
WEIRD
| -Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
92
Where is the somatosensory cortex found?
Parietal lobe
93
PTSD
Person has lingering memories/nightmares about past event that impact daily life
94
Relative derprivation theory of social movements def
Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy
Ex: Civil Rights MOvement
95
GABA function
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
- Stabilizes neural activity in brain
- Causes hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane
96
Physiological zero
When an object feels neither cold nor warm
| -Around 29-36 degC
97
brain waves associated with mediation?
- More alpha waves then light meditation
| - Deep mediation has inc. theta waves
98
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex -> sound processing
- Wernicke's area: language reception/comprehension
- Hippocampus: electrical stimulation induces memories
99
Lexical access
Identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning that was stored in LTM
100
Healthcare and medicine institution characteristics
Exist to keep people healthy
101
Elder abuse
Family isnt ready to take care of elders or expense of nursing homes
-Leads to abuse similar to that of child abuse
102
Theta Waves
4-7 Hz
Associated with drowsiness
-Right after falling
-Or when sleeping lightly
103
Cannon bard theory pnemonic
Straight out the cannon
| -Both emotional and physiological response happen at same time
104
Eustachian tube function
Connects middle ear to nasal cavity and equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment
105
High culture def
Patterns of experiences/attitudes that exist in highest classes of soceity
-Associated with wealth and formality
106
Cocktail party effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice in a crowd
| -Also ability to concentrate when someone calls your name amongst a crowd
107
Evolutionary Biology Theory of Dreaming
Threat simulation/preparation for the real world
- No purpose
- Could also be used to consolidate thoughts to long term meory and clean up thoughts
108
Resource mobilization theory of social movements
Looks at factors that help/hinder a social movement
-Says that they need money, polifical influence, strong organizational base to recruit members and a charismatic figure to unite members
109
What did Marx believe if significant economic inequality existed in society
Lower class would unite to create class consciousness and realize they've been exploited
- Lower class would overthrow the status quo
- Society where one group exploits another eventually leads to destruction
110
Delta waves
0. 5-3 Hz
| - Deep sleep or coma
111
Sleep spindles and K-complexes definitions
Sleep spindles: burst of rapid brain activity
K-complexes: Surpress cortical arousal
-Keep you asleep
-Sleep=based memory consolidation
112
Chain of events in treisman attenutaion theory
Stimuli -> sensory register -> attenuator -> perceptual process -> conscious
113
Manipulation/exploitation component of overcompensation def
Meeting own needs via covert manipulation, seduction or dishonesty
114
Subjective Contours
Perceiving contours and shapes that aren't actually present in the stimulus
115
How is the somatosensory pathway affected by an injury to one side of the brain?
Usually there is damage to the other side
| -This is bc all the somatosensory pathways cross to the other side
116
REM stage of sleep
Eyes move rapidly beneath eyelids but most other muscles are paralyzed
- Most dreaming during this stage
- Most important for memory consolidation
- Combo of alpha, beta and dysynchronous waves
- -Waves present are similar as when awake
117
Meditation
Training people to self-regulate attention and awareness
| -Can be guided and focused or unfocused with mind wandering freely
118
How long does each stage of the sleep cycle last?
Each stage length depends on how long you've slept and by age
119
SEcondary appraisal of stress
Only occurs if primary appraisal is negative
| -Evalutation of ability to cope with situation
120
Which photoreceptor is more functional at detecting fine details
Cones are more effective in detecting fine details
| -Rods are too spread over a large area of the retina
121
Ecstasy/MDMA
Synthetic drug between stimulant and hallucinogen
- Inc. DA and 5-HT and euphoria and stim CNS (high BP, dehydration, overheating)
- Damages 5-HT neurons -> depression
- Hallucinations and heightened sensations
122
How many semicircular canals are there?
Three canals arranged perpendicularly to each other and swell in ampulla (X, Y and Z direction)
-Hair cells are located in the ampulla
123
Alpha waves
8-13 Hz
- Daydreaming state
- Disapperas when drowsy but reappears during deep sleep
124
What happens to hair cells when they reach the basilar membrane?
They sway back and forth within the endolymph
| -Causes opening of ion channels -> receptor potential
125
Education institution characteristics
Fundamental institution
- Hidden curriculum: teaches how to treat others and internalize social inequalities
- Funding creates educational segregation/stratification
- -Funding based on district
126
Where does the pinna channel sound waves into?
External auditory canal
127
Power definiiton conflict theory
Person's ability to get their way despite resistance of others
-Ability to influence social change
128
Interdependence of different sociological classes
```
Lower class depends on upper for payment
Upper depends on lower for labor
```
129
Paul Broca
Behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
| -Broca’s area -> speech production
130
Learned helplessness def
Learn from having no control of life to identify coping mechanisms that take less control over outcome in life
-Cycles downward into major depression
131
Who is associcated with the interactionist approach to language
Vgotsky
132
What somatosensors respond to deep pressure and texture?
Merkel cells
133
Acetylcholine in CNS
Linked to attention and arousal
| -Used by para and sympathetic NS
134
Benzos mechanism
Enhances brain response to GABA and opens GABA-activated Cl- channels
- Neurons become more hyperpolarized
- Binds to GABAa receptors
135
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Satiety Center
| -Signal to Stop eating
136
Manifest vs latent functions
Manifest: intended consequences of insitutions
-Schools educate people so they can get jobs
Latent: Indirect functions of institutions
-Unintended consequences: businesses connect people across society
137
Post-acute withdrawal common symptoms
Mood swings, anxiety, irritability, tired, low enthusiasm, sleep problems
138
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Characterized by obsessions and compulsions that persistently interfere with everyday life
139
Phobias
Irrational fear of specific object or situations
- Can be debilitating or can continue to have normal life
- Tend to form pattern -> fall under specific subtypes
140
Skeptical perspective
Considers globalization as regionalized
- 3rd world countries aren't being integrated into the global economy wiht the same benefits as 1st world countries
- Current economy is not leading towards global capitalism
141
What would comparing twins raised together vs raised apart show?
Would isolate genetics while the environment would be different
142
Who created functionalism
Emilie Durkheim
143
Intramuscular route of drug admin
Needle into muscle
- Slower than injection
- Much faster than other route of drug admin
144
Brain activity during depression
```
Decreased activity in frontal lobe
Increased activity in limbic structures
Lower activity of reward circuits
-Fewer NE and Serotonin receptors
Decreased activation of prefrontal cortex
```
145
Concordance rates
likelihood that both twins exhibit same trait
146
Feature detectors
- Each feature detector cell type detects very particular, individual feature of an object
- Overall combination of feature detectors become activated in parallel
147
Pierre Flourens
Functions of major brain
| -Performed ablutions/extirpations
148
Perceptual organization definition
Ability to create a complete picture or idea by combining top-down and bottom-up processing with all other sensory clues gathered from an object
149
Sleep
Not aware of self or world around you
150
Weber's views on the collapse of capitalism
Did not believe that this collapse would happen
151
Covert orienting
Act of bringing spotlight of attention on an object/event with body/eye movement
152
Function of external auditory canal
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
153
Adoption studies value
Compare similarites between biological relatives and adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and adopted child
154
Role of catecholamines
Play important roles in experience of emotions
155
Lexicon def
Set of vocab items
156
Symbolic interactionism definition
Focuses on small interactions between individuals
- Society is a buildup of everyday typical interactions
- Microlevel of social interactions
- Focuses on shared meaning estabished among individuals and small groups
157
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Conserves energy -> rest and digest
- Constricts pupils
- Stimulates flow of saliva
- Contracts bladder
- constricts bronchi
- Slows heartbeat
- Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
- Stimulates release of bile
- Secretes Acetylcholine
158
Advantage of conflict theory
Models drastic change in society
159
Society def
The way people organize themselves
| -People who live toghetr in a specific geographic area and interact more with each than with outsiders
160
Anterior hypothalamus
Sexual behavior
| -Sleep and body temp
161
Sleep walking/talking
Mostly genetic
- During stage 3 of sleep
- Harmless
- Most common in children
162
Duplicity theory of vision
Retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
| -Light/dark detection and color detection
163
Two types of selective attention
exogenous/external cues and endogenous/internal cues
164
Cultural universals
All cultures have ways of dealing with certain situations
165
Hallucinogens effects
Distorted perceptions, heightened sensations, mood swings,
- Effects depend on who person is and who they're with
- Dilates pupils
166
Sulci vs gyri
Sulci=folds
| Gyri=bumps
167
Chain of events of early selection theory
Stimulus -> Sensory register -> selective filter -> perceptual processes -> cognition
168
Where does sound go after being converted into an electrical signal?
Carried to the CNS by the auditory nerve
169
Churches definition
Established religious bodies in a larger society
| -Roman catholic church
170
Fictitious Disorder/Munchausen’s Syndrome
Patient wants to be sick -> falsify or disease their own signs
-May injure themselves or falsify tests
171
Task similiarty Ex
Listening to radio while writing a classical paper would be hard
-WOuld be much easier to listen to classical music while writing the classical paper
172
Amygdala
Defensive/aggresive behaviors like fear and rage
| -Smell and emotions
173
Hyperreflexia
Increase in muscle stretch reflexes
| -Bigger reflex produced when muscle spindle receptors are activated without periodic stimulation of LMNs by UMNs
174
What is contained in the bony labryinth?
bony labryinth = hollow region of temporal bone
- Contains: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
- Also contains collection of tubes and chambes called membranous labyrinth
175
Three sections of the ear
Outer, middle and inner ear
176
Exchange theory
Application of rational choice theory to social interactions
| -Looks at society as series of interactions between individuals
177
Rational choice theory of social movements
People compare pros and cons of different courses of actions and choose the one they think is best for themselves
-These choice shape the pattern of behaviors in society
178
Dopamine function
Roles in movement and posture
179
Rational choice/exchange theory take on medicine institution
People run every aspect of medical system and those people in charge make decisions that benefit themselves more than a random sick stranger
- People avoid doctor if they think it won't help
- Self-interested behavior of people in charge trickle down and affect well being of patients
180
Cornea
Thick structural layer on frontmost portion of the eye
| -Has index of refraction of 1.4 -> most bending of light occurs in cornea
181
How do the cerebral hemispheres communicate?
Contralaterally: one side of brain commmunicates with the opposite side of the body
182
Lateral Hypothalamus
Hunger Center
- Special receptors that detect when body needs more fluids
- Triggers eating and drinking
183
Who is associated with the nativist perspective
Chromsky
184
Where does sound info go to after the vestibulocochlear nerve?
1. Ascends to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2. Nerve fibers project to auditory cortex in temporal lobe for sound processing
- Some info sent to superior olive which localizes sound
185
Drowsiness
Just before falling asleep or just after waking up
| -Also can be self-induced via meditation
186
Structural oppression focused feminist theory
Oppression and inequality due to capitalism, patriarchy and racism
- Direct parallel to conflic theory applied to feminism
- Women exploited similar to how working class exploited
- Linked to race, sexual orientation, age, disabiliity
- Men associated with the mind while women associated with their bodies
187
Who created symbolic interactionism
George herbert mead
188
Benzodiazepines function
Most common prescribed depressant
- Sleep aids, antianxiety, antiseizure
- Can be short/intermediate lasting for sleep
- Long lasting for anxiety
189
Ipsilateral vs contralateral
Ipsi: Communication with same side of body
Contra: opposite sides of body
190
Psychological withdrawal def
Copes via dissociation, numbness, denial, form of psychological escape
191
Feminist theory role of mass media
Mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology
-Depictions of men and women reinforce traditional sex roles
192
Paranoid disorder
Profound distrust and suspicion of other people
193
Generalized anxiety disorder definition
General state of tense and uneasiness -> influences life greatly
194
What theory of emotion is this
| Man sees bee -> interprets situation as threatening and HR inc -> labels emotion (fear)
Schacter singer theory
195
Social coping def
Seeking social support
196
What is cochlea divided into?
Divided into three scalae
197
Membranous labyrinth functino
Contains receptors for sense of equil. and hearing
| -Contains endolymph which is supended by perilymph
198
Functionalist view of gov/economy
Everyone required to have a responsibility once able
- Certain labors valued differently like those with specializations which are valued more
- Valuation of occupations creates inequality because not everyone has access to adequate resources
199
Hypertonia
Increased tone of skeletal muscles
- Increase muscle tension
- Reduce muscle stretch
200
Sclera
Thick structural layer that surrounds the eye
| -Does not cover the frontmost portion
201
Pons
Above medulla
| -Sensory/motor pathways between cortex and medulla
202
Social phobias
Fear of different social situations
| -Harder to avoid than other traditional phobias
203
Hypnotism
Getting a person to relax and focus on breathing and become more susceptible to suggestion
-Only if they want to
204
Interneurons
Found between other neurons
- Most abundant of all neurons
- Predominantly brain/spinal cord and linked to reflexive behavior
205
What hearing apparatus is housed in the middle scala?
The organ of Corti: contains thousands of hair cells bathed in endolymph
-Rests on basilar membrane
206
How does the vestibule maintain balance
Contains otoliths -> modified hair cells that resits motion
| -When they bend, they are stimulated and send a signal to the brain
207
Delusions of control
-Symptom of schizo
-Belief that one’s thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside forces
Ex: THoughts being broadcasted to others or implanted or stolen by CIA
208
General adaptation syndrome three stages of stress
1. alarm phase: stresss rxn kicks in, preparation for fight or flight -> HR rises
2. Resistance: Fleeing, temp inc. inc BP, inc breathing, cortisol release
3. Exhaustion: sterss resources depleted, tissues damaged, dampened immunity
209
Posterior Chamber
Chamber behind lens and contains vitreous humor to support the retina
210
MRI
Magnetic field that interacts with H atoms to map out H use regions of body
211
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Delusions/hallucinations/agitation of schizophrenia arises from either too much dopamine or brain hypersensitivity to dopamine
212
Religious beliefs/faith practice of managing stress effects
Correlational with wealthier lifestyle and social support
213
Spinal Cord Function relation to somatosensory tracts
Carries info to the brain in the tracts
| -Crosses other side immediately and goes to cerebrum
214
What NT dec when rewards pathway is activated
5-HT decreases
215
Progressive view of institutions
Institutions are artificial creations that need to be redesigned if they are no longer helpful
216
Feminist theory characteristics
Macro level, originates from conflict theory
- Focuses on stratifications/inequalities in society and women's social roles in education, work and family
- Women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping
217
Neurotransmitter definition
Chemical used by neurons to send signals to other neurons
218
Antisocial disorder
Little or no regard for others
- Commit crimes and show no remorse
- Inconsiderate
219
Social withdrawal def
exagerrated focus on indpendence
220
Types of selections of exchange theory
Sexual selection: natural selection arising through preference for different sex over the same sex
Social selection: Idea that individual's health can influence social mobility
221
Rewards pathway starting with VTA and ending with prefrontal cortex
VTA in midbrain -> amygdala -> hippocampus remembers environment -> nucleus accumbens controls motor function -> prefrontal cortex deals with attention
222
The four Fs of the hypothalamus
Fighting, flighting, feeding, fucking (sexual function)
223
Conservative view of institutions
Institutions are natural by-products of human nature
224
Schizotypal
Odd beliefs/magical thinking
225
Why does damage to substantia nigra cause parkinson’s
Substantia nigra is part of the basal ganglia
| -Regulates free movements
226
What's needed for a olfactory chemoreceptor to cause a signal?
chemical signal must first bind to their respective chemoreceptors
227
Excessive orderliness/obsessionality component of overcompensation def
Strict order and high level of predictability
| -Devoting inordinate time to avoid negative outcomes
228
Choroid
Vascular portion of eye
| -Provides eye with various nutrients and oxygen
229
Pnemonic for lazarus theory
LAzarus shares first two letters with LAbel
| -Have to label before anything happens
230
What receptors detect smell?
Olfactory chemoreceptors located in olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity
231
Ex of periphery nations
Latin America or African countries
232
Spouse abuse
Physical or sociological and usually driven by men
- Typically caused by economic issues
- Can be controlling/limiting support network of victim to make difficult for victim to escape abuse
233
Parkinson's cause in brain
Destruction of substantia nigra in the basal ganglia
234
Function of inferior colliculus
Involved in startle reflex and helps keep eyes fixed on a point while the head is turned (vestibo-ocular reflex)
235
What are the effects on the immune from chronic stress
Acute stress causes inflammation so overused immune system can activate autoimmune response
236
Acute withdrawal
Physical withdrawal symptoms
| -Length of symptoms depends on person
237
Maladaptive coping def
Simple reduction of symptoms but maintaining and strengthening of disorder
-More effective in short term
-Interferes with ability to unlearn paired association between situation and symptoms
Ex: dissociations, avoidance, escape
238
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Subtype of schizophrenia that includes periods of dramatic reduction in activity -> catatonic stupor
239
Central sleep apnea
Problem with brain’s control system for ventilation
| -Cheynes-Stokes Breathing: Crescnedo then decrescendo breathing followed by stop in breathing
240
Stage 2 of sleep
Deeper stage, harder to awaken, more theta waves
| -Sleep spindles and K-complexes
241
Functionalism assumption of medicine
Assumes that people can't participate in society when sick
| -Medicine allows population to contribute longer to society by improving health and quality of life
242
Pragmatics def
Dependences of language on context and pre existing knowledge
243
Post-acute withdrawal type of symptoms
Fewer physical symptoms, more emotional/psychological symptoms
244
Damage to wernicke's area leads to what
Wernicke's aphasia/fluent/receptive aphasia
- Difficulty understanding spoken words
- Difficulty producing sentences that make sense -> prosody
245
Behaviorist theory of language
Children acquire language via operant conditioning
| -Language is learned
246
Effects of antithesis in conflict theory
Antithesis leads to compromise
- Synthesis created: new state
- Synthesis becomes new thesis
- New cycle begins with new antithesis for new thesis eventually created
247
What pigment is contained in rods that allows it to detect all wavelengths of visible light?
Rhodopsin
248
Inhalation route of drug admin
Goes straight to the brain
| -Less addictive than when injected
249
What factors increase the chances of addiction
Genetics, environment
250
Freud's psycosexual stages of development pnemonic
```
Old Aged People Love Grandchildren
Old: Oral
Aged: Anal
People: Phallic
Love: Latent
Grandchildren: genital
```
251
Beta waves characteristics
12-30 Hz
- Associated with awake/concentration
- If alert for to long, high levels of beta waves
252
Optic chiasm function
First, L half of visual field project onto R half of each eye's retina and vice versa
-These signals overlap at the optic chiasm -> optic tracts
Ex: L half of visual field projects onto R half of retina and travels across optic chiasm to R half of brain
253
Subculture def
Culture of medium level sub commmunity that distinguishes itself from the larger/dominant culture
-Smaller than a nation but not large enough to support people throghout their entire lifespans
254
Status/prestige definition
Social honor or populatiry in society
| -Political power not rooted in capital value but indidivual status as well
255
Stages of social movements
1. Begins with a shared idea by few
2. Incipient stage: public takes notice of situation they consider to be a problem
3. People begin to oranize in a group and rise up
4. Movement either succeeds in changing society or the movement is forced to adapt
- If successful, movement is absorbed into institutions once change is achieved
- If failed, leaves mark on society without enacting change
256
Ambient stressors def
Global stressors integrated into environment
-Perceivable, but hard to control
-Can negatively impact without aware of it
Ex: pollution, noise, crowding
257
What leads to globalization
Economic interdependence between countries
| Advancements in communication tech
258
Illness experience definition
Process of being ill and how to cope with illness
| -Stigmas associated with certain diseases can affect how others perceive you
259
Relative size
Idea that objects appear larger the closer they are
260
Theories behind REM and dreaming
Freud's, activation/synthesis hypothesis, evolutionary biology hypothesis
261
Conversion Disorder:
Neurological symptoms incompatible with any known neuro/mental conditions
262
Frontal Lobe contains which two cortexes
Prefrontal and motor and Broca's
263
Main critique of social interactionism
Does not ask macro level sociological questions
| -Restricted to small interactions between individuals so not considered a full theory
264
Aggression component of overcompensation def
Counterattacks by defying blaming attacking others
265
Lingustic determinism def
Language influences thought
266
Macrosociology
Large scale perspective
| -Big phenomena that affect big portion of population
267
Function of Lens
Located right behind iris and controls refraction of incoming light
-Convex/converging lens that focuses light rays on to retina
268
Top down processing
Driven by memories that allow brain to recognize whole object and then components based on these expectations
-Allos us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze its parts
269
What is aqueous humor secreted by?
Ciliary body
270
Why are some nuerons in primary motor cortex bigger than others?
Certain sets of muscles req. finer motor control so take up more space in cortex
-Does not necessarily mean that if they are bigger in cortex it relates to their size in the body
271
ICD-10
11 Top level categories
272
Neuropsychology definition
Study of functions and behvaiors associated with specific regions of the brain
273
Role of limbic system in emotion
Regulate emotions, store/retrieve memories that are tied with emotions
274
Self social construct definition
Identity of self created by interactions with other poeple and our reaction to other people
275
Insomnia
Persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
| -Medications often lead to dependence and tolerance
276
Behavioral component of emotion
Emotion produces behavioral responses
| -Body language or facial expression
277
Gate theory of pain
Special gating mechanism can turn pain signals on or off, affecting if we perceive pain or not
- Spinal cord can preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities to brain -> reduces pain sensation
- Not generally accepted theory
278
Appraisal Theory of stress
Stress arises from interpretation of stresses/events
279
Cluster C disorder
WORRIED
| Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
280
Passive-agressiveness/rebellion component of overcompensation def
Overtly compliant appearaance but punishes others covertly
281
Addictive propoerties of Meth
Highly addictive
| -Long term addiction leads to losing ability to maintain normal DA levels
282
Overcompensation coping components
```
Agression
Dominance
Recognition-seeking
Manipulation/exploitation
Passive-aggressiveness
Excessive orderliness/obsessionality
```
283
Treismans attenuation theory
Attenuator weakens but does not eliminate input of stimuli not focused on
- Some stuff that is not focused on is assigned a meaning but these stimuli are lower in priority
- Attenuated messsages are processed to greater extent than unattenuated messages
284
What do social movement need to be impactful?
Organization, leadership and the resources to gain momentum
285
Where are bipolar and ganglion cells found?
On top of rods and cones
| -Info hits back of retina and info is transmitted forward
286
Neglect syndrome def
Damage to brain causes change/loss in capacity of spatial dimension of divided attention
287
Sensory Neurons
Afferent Neurons
| -Transmits sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
288
Avoidant Disorder
Inhibited, feels inadequate, tries to avoid putting self in situation they can be criticized in
-Avoids most social situations
289
Limbic System
Loops around central portion of brain
| -Associated with emotion and memory
290
semantics def
Association of a meaning with a word
291
John Dewey
More functionalism
292
Negative symptoms associated with Schizo
Lack of emotional expression, Lack of interest/enthusiasm, Seeming lack of interest in world, Speech difficulties and abnormalities
293
Gestalt principles definition
Set of rules that account for fact that brain tends to view incomplete stimuli in organized and patterned ways
294
Place theory
Accepted theory of sound perception
| -Location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated
295
Binocular neurons
Comparing inputs to each hemisphere and detecting these differences
-Depth perception -> ability to discriminate 3-D shape of environment and judge distance of objects within it
296
Problem with late selection theory
It would take waay too long to perceive and assign meaning to anything
297
Where do sound waves first reach in the ear?
Pinna: Cartilaginous outside part of the ear
298
What process is used to facilitate binocular cues?
Retinal disparity: the slight difference in images projected onto two retinas
299
Stressor vs stress reaction
Stressor: threatening/challenging event
| Stess rxn: Subsequential physical/emotional response
300
Ex of periphery nations
India and Brazil
301
Motion parallax
Perception that objects closer to us seem to move faster when we change our field of vision
302
Transdermal route of drug admin
Drug in patch has to be potent
| -Admin show but over several hours
303
When are rods and cones most functional?
Cones are most effective in bright light and come in three forms -> Red, Green, Blue
Rods are most functional in reduced light
-Highly sensitive to all wavelengths of light
304
Exercise practice of managing stress effects
Regular exercise dec Cardiovascular problems
305
Somatosensory Tracts
Travels in different pathway
1. Position sense, vibration sense and finite touch
2. Pain, temperatures, gross (less precise) touch
Functions: Deliver info to spinal cord
306
Cerebral Cortex Breakdown
Outer surface of brain aka neocortex
- Divided into two cerebral hemispheres
- Surface divided into four lobes
307
How long does a traumatic event have to persist for it to be considered PTSD?
4 weeks after the event at least
308
Temporal Cortex
Sound, Wenicke’s area (speech comprehension)
309
How is sound transmitted through the cochlea?
Sound enters cochlea through the oval window and vibrates perilymph
- Transmitted to basilar membrane
- Round window permits perilymph to move within cochlea
- Hair cells in organ of Corti transduce physical stimulus into electrical signal
310
What are the 4 major types of stressors
SIgnificant life changes
catastrophic events
daily hassles
Ambient stressors
311
Aphasia def
Disorder that involves inability to problems iwth language
312
Amacrine and horizontal cells function
Receive input from retinal cells before info passed onto ganglion cells
- Accentuate slight differences between visual info in each bipolar cell
- In between bipolar and ganglion cells
313
Which type of culture tends to experience cultureal lag
Non material culture
| -Material culture changes rapidly while symbolic culture tends to resist change
314
Mass society theory of social movement
Social movements only form for people seeking refuge from main society
- Skeptical about the groups involved in social movements
- Theory has not persisted
315
What structures play important roles in emotion
Limbic system: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
316
Brain waves associated with hypnotism
More alpha waves
| -Similar to alpha waves of wakefulness but relaxed stage
317
Broadbent early selection theory
All info goes to sensory register then transferred to selective filter which identifies what should be focused on and filters out the other stuff
318
What are the five basic tastes?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami/savory
319
Cerebellum
Top of hindbrain
- Posture/balance
- Coordinates body movements
320
Panic attack definition
Sudden and intense
| -IN response to situations not typically warranting this type of stress
321
Constancy
ABility to perceive characteristics of objects despite changes in environment
-Can be brightness, size and shape
322
Dependency theory
3rd world/periphery countries expoert resources to core/1st world countries because they have been integrated into world economy as an undeveloped country
- They don't have the means to become developed
- Will remain poor/dependent
323
What connects broca's to wernicke's area
The arcuate fasiculus
324
Ex of cultural lag with cars
When cars were invented, there were no laws to govern driving
-Driving was super dangerous until symbolic culture adpated
325
Proactive coping def
Anticipation: reducing stress by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for this
326
Hyperventilation Disorder
Unable to ventilate lungs fully and remove all CO2
- Results in build up of CO2 and decrease in O2
- High CO2 could cause R sided heart failure
- Low O2 affects all tissues of body
327
What class of NT are Epi, Norepi, and DA
Catecholamines and monoamines
328
Repressed memories
Memories unconsciously blocked due to being associated with high/stress trauma
-May be able to be recovered years after event because of a stimulus
329
Parallel processing
Brain's ability to analyze info regarding color, form, motion and depth simultaneously using independent pathways in the brain
330
Brain areas affected by REM sleep
Activity in the prefrontal cortex is dec. during REM sleep
331
Catastrophic events stressor
Large scale event that everyone considers threatening
| Ex: Natural disasters or wars
332
Prefrontal Cortex
Executive function by supervising and directing operations of other brain regions
-Communicates with reticular formation in brainstem to regulate attention/alertness
333
Medulla Oblongata
Lower brain structure
| -Vital functions: breathing, heart rate, digestion
334
Amphetamines/Meth effects
Release DA -> euphoria for up to 8 hours
- Once effects wear off: irritability, insomnia, seizures, depression
- Blocks reuptake DA -> inc release DA from pre-synaptic membrane
335
Freud theory of dreaming
Dreams are unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted
-Not scientifically supported
336
Change blindness
Failure to notice changes from previous to current state in environment
-Distinct form of in-attentional blindness
337
Cognitive component of emotion
Mental assessment of current situation
| -Ex: enjoyment of surprise party
338
Why does color vision have greater sensitivity than black-and-white vision?
The number of cones converging onto an individual ganglion small is much less than rods
339
What happens if the norms of dominant society are violated
Counter culture: group with expectations that strongly disagree with the main values of society
Ex: mormons who believe in polygamy
340
Social construct definition
Concept that everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way because of inherent value
341
Withdrawal from caffeine
Irritability, difficulty concentrating, depression
342
Sympathetic nervous system
```
Antagonistic to parasympathetic
Fight or Flight:
-Increases heart rate
-Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion
-INcreases blood glucose concentration
-Relaxes bronchi
-Decreases digestion/peristalsis
-Dilates eyes for max light intake
-Stimulates sweating and inhibits salivation
-Releases epinephrine into bloodstream
```
343
What in body controls circadian rhythms?
Controlled by melatonin produced in the pineal gland
344
Franz Gall
Behavior/intellect/personality linked to brain anatomy
| -Supported feeling/measuring skull (phrenology) for brain analysis
345
Yerkes-Dodson Law
People perform best when moderately aroused
- Extreme emotional responses impact memory negatively
- Moderate emotions like mild fear associated with optimal memory recall
346
Where does Alzheimer’s affect the brain
Starts in temporal then spreads to parietal and frontal lobes
-Loss of neurons, plaques and tangles made of tau
347
Globalization def
Sharing of culture, money, and products bewteen countries due to international trade and advancements in transportation/communication
-People become more aware of cultutres across borders
348
What do circadian rhythms control?
Body temperature and sleep cycle
349
Lack of interest/enthusiasm schizo symptom
Problems with motivation and lack of self care
- Avolition: inability to initiate in goal-directed behavior
- No longer interested in going out with friends or in taking part of activities person used to have enthusiasm for
350
Occipital lobe
Very rear of brain
| -Visual cortex
351
Secularization definition
Weakening of social and political power of religous orgs
| -Religious involvement decline is the cause
352
Task difficulty def and ex
Harder tasks require more focus
- Texting while driving is a lot harder than talking while driving
- People have to turn the radio down when driving through an unfamiliar town
353
Reflex arcs
Interneurons
-Control reflexive behavior
Ex: Receptors in foot detect pain
-Pain signals transmitted by sensory neurons up to spinal cord
-Sensory neurons connect with interneurons that relay pain impulses to the brain
-INterneurons in spinal cord send signals to muscles of legs leading to reflexive withdrawal of foot in pain and transfer of weight to the other foot
-This reflex occurs before the brain can send out a signal via motor neurons
354
Macula
Central section of retina
| -High concentration of cones
355
Cross tolerance definition
Reduction of efficacy/responsiveness to novel drug due to similar CNS target as previously used drugs
356
Bottom-Up processing
Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection
-Brain takes individual stimuli and combines them together to create cohesive image
357
Form
Both shape and our ability to discriminate an object from background by detecting its boundaries
358
Class definition
Person's economic position in society
- Based on birth and individual achievement
- Differs from Marx because he did not thing this caused stratification
359
Conflict theory role of mass media
Media portrays/exacerbates divisions in society
- Gatekeeping: small number of people control hat info is released by the media
- Keeps white males wealthy
360
Types of appraisals for secondary appraisal
1. Harm: what damage has been caused already
2. Threat: How much damage could be caused
3. Challenge: How can situation be overcomed/conquered
361
Schizo hallucinations
Positive symptom
| -Sensory preceptors without stimuli -> auditory/visual
362
Examples of macrosociology
Whole civilizations/organizations
- Patterns and affects big pictures has on lives of small groups or individuals
- Poverty, war, healthcare, world economy
363
Sleep apnea
- Stop breathing while asleep
- Don't get enough stage 3 deep sleep
- Snoring and fatigue in morning
364
Orienting attention
Capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another
-Modulated by acetylcholine in basal forebrain
365
4 main points of culture
1. People share in society: all people share culture with others in their society
- Provide expectations and rules for carrying out rituals and interactions
2. Culture is adaptive -> changes constantly
3. Culture builds on itself: societies build on exisiting cultures to adapt
4. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next
366
Feminist theory take on medicine institution
Medicine is male-dominated field
| -Dispairties in job/salary in medical field
367
Physical and emotional components of depression
```
SWIG E CAPS
S:uicidal thoughts: lower self-esteem
W:eight gain/loss
I:nterests decreased -> lack of interest = anhedonia
G:uilt
E:nervy decreased -> Lethargy
C:once traction dec. -> trouble with decision making
A:petite disturbance
P:sychomotor changes/symptoms
S:leep disturbances
```
368
Coping practice of managing stress effects
Expanding conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems
- Seeks to minimize stress/conflict
- Partly controlled by personality partly by social environment
369
Hippocampus
Learning and memory processes
- Consolidates info to form long-term memories
- Redistributes remote memories to cerebral cortex
- Communicates with other portions of limbic system
370
Thalamus
Within Forebrain -> relay station for incoming sensory info except smell
-Sorts and transmits impulses to certain areas of cortex
371
How does cultural diffusion occur
Via exploration, phone technology, military conquest, tourism
372
What do the different types of feminist theories focus on
1. gender differences
2. gender inequality
3. gender oppression
4. structural oppression
373
Subjective contours
Perceiving contours and shapes that aren't actually present in the stimulus
374
Seeming lack of interest in world schizo symptom
Apparent unawareness of environment -> social withdrawal
375
What theory of emotion is this
| Man sees bee -> appraises event as dangerous -> starts sweating and gets scared at same time
Lazarus theory
376
Weak linguistic determinism
Basically linguistic relativism
- Differences in language between cultures influence thought
- Lagnuage does not determin the context of everyday interactions
377
What type of MCAT drug has been used to treat PTSD
Hallucinogens: allows people to access painful memories and detach from strong emotions and come to terms with it
378
Monocular cues definition
Only require one eye
| -Includes interposition, relative size, linear perspective, motion parallax
379
Directed attention def
Attention focused sustainably on a single task
380
Difference between emotions and moods
-Emotions are temporary, vary in intensity, can be voluntary and are more specific than moods
381
Lack of emotional expression schizo symptom
Affective flattening: reduction of range/intensity of emotional expression and inability to interpret/use appropriate body language
382
Perilymph Function
Transmits vibrations from outside world and cushions inner ear structure
383
How to perform experimental methodology of the brain on animals?
Brain lesions on animals
| -Can define precise lesions -> electrodes can induce lesions
384
What are the three components of emotions
Phsyiological, cognitive, behavioral
385
Sects
Smaller and established in protest of established church
| -Break away from other churches
386
Puprose of folding and bumps of brain
More surface area
387
Compulsive stimulation seeking def
seeks excitement/distraction via compulsive shopping
388
Functionalism definition
System of thinking that looks at society from macro perspective and how each part keeps society headed towards equilibrium
-AKA structural functionalism
389
Broca's Area
Speech production
| -Found in dominant hemisphere usually L hemisphere
390
Family institution characteristics
Defined by many forms of kinship: marriage, blood, adoption
| -Different family values affect disposition of individual
391
Executive attention def
Goal-directed behavior, monitoring conflicts between internal process and anticipating the effects of behvaior
392
Gender inequality focused feminist theory
Our society is a patriarchy where men govern as heads of families governments and communities
- Married women have higher stress levels than men
- Married women have less influence in public sphere
- Married women have to focus on private sphere at home
- Gender division of labor: men occupy higher paying jobs and more prestigious positions
393
Where does the info focused on in early selection theory go?
Moves to perceptual processes which assign meaning to words
| -Then moves to other cognitive processes and decides on how to respond
394
Serotonin role
Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
395
Marriage implications on family institution
Marriage creates new families typically
| -Violence can come in times of hardship in terms of abuse
396
CT/CAT scan
Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by computer to produce cross-sectional images of tissue
397
Morphology def
Structure of words
| -distinction by the building blocks of words
398
Pnemonic for Mania
```
DIGFAST
D:istractibility
I:Insomnia
G: Grandiose thoughts
F: fleeting thoughts
A: Agitation
S: Speech is pressured
T: Thoughtlessness/risky behavior
```
399
James lange theory of emotion
Emotional experience due to perception of physiological responses
-Event -> physiological response -> interpretation of response -> emotion
400
Midbrain
Receives sensory info and motor information from rest of body
-Involuntary reflex response triggered by visual/auditory stimuli
Superior colliculi: visual sensory input
Inferior colliculi: auditory sensory info
401
Significant life changes stressor def
Changes in personal life
| Ex: death of loved one, loss of job, leaving home
402
Strong linguistic determinism
Language determines thought completely
- People understand the world through language
- Lingustic structure determines how an individual thinks
403
Consciousness definition
Awareness of self and environment
- Ranges from alertness to sleep
- States can be induced or natural
404
Vigilance/signal detection
Allows responses to be primed and quick action to be taken in response to a signal
405
Withdrawal nicotine
More addictive, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, distractability
406
Acetylcholine in PNS
Transmits nerve impulses to muscles
407
Addictive self-reporting
: avoids via addiction involving body
408
Somatic Nervous System function/composition
Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints and muscles
- Sensory neurons send info from Afferent fibers to CNS
- Motor impulses travel from CNS back to body via efferent fibers
409
What are the two muscles of the iris?
Dilator and constrictor pupillae
410
Function of the eye
Transforms light into photons
411
What somatosensors respond to pain and temperature?
Free nerve endings
412
What queues circadian rhythms?
Daylight is a big queue
413
Motor Neurons
Efferent Neurons
| -Transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
414
4 types of waves measuring consciousness
Beta, alpha, delta, theta
415
Divided attention def
Attention is. alimited resource and can't be split very well
| -Divided attention occurs when someone must perform two tasks at the same time
416
Canal of Schlemm function
Drains aqueous humor from the anterior cavity
417
Adaptive value
Extent that trait of behavior positively benefits species by inc evolutionary fitness of species
418
Lazarus Theory of emotion
Experience of emotion depends on how situation is labelled
-Event is same and depends on label so could produce different emotions
Event -> label -> emotion and physiological response
419
Alcohol function
Dec inhibitions, lack of coordination, REM disruptions
| -Inhibits cerebellum
420
Functionalism relation to medicine institution
Asks what is the purpose fo medicine in society
| -When people become ill, medicine ensures that they return to being functional to society
421
What are the names for the adaptive coping mechanisms
Positive coping or constructive coping
422
Social epidemiology definition
Looks at health disparities through social indicators like race, gender, income distribution and how these factors affect health
-Looks at patterns of disease in populations as a result of these factors
423
Barbituates
Induce sleep, reduce anxiety, depress CNS, anesthesial/anticonvulsant
-Negative side effects: reduced memory, judgement and concentration
424
Function and location of primary motor cortex
Located on precentral gyrus
- Initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles
- Neurons arranged systematically coordinating to parts of body
425
Hippocampus and frontal cortex effects of stress
Both are atrophied
- Anterior cingulate in frontal cortex stops responding to 5-HT
- Impairment of frontal cortex leads to impaired judgement and inc likelihood of poor coping mechanisms
426
Microsociology
Face to face interactions, families, schools, social interactions
- Interpretive analysis of society
- How individuals interact affects larger groups in society
427
Peptide NTs
Neuromodulators involve more complicated chain of events in postsynaptic cell than regular NTs
-Relatively slow and longer effects than NTs
428
Social movements def
When group comes together with a shared idea
| -Can create lasting effects by encourgaing/resisting change in society
429
Basic principle of exchange theory
Behavior of individual in an interaction is dtermined by comparing rewards and punishments
430
Nondominant hemisphere characteristics
Intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
- Simultaneously processes stimuli and assembles them into holistic images
- Less prominent role in language
431
Function of cerebral cortex bumps
Increase cellular mass/surface area
432
Who is associated with linguistic determinism
The sapir whorfian hypothesis
433
Depressants function
Lower body's basic functions and neural avtivity
- Lowers CNS activity
- Vasodilates at low concentration and vasoconstricts at high concentration
434
Gender difference focused feminist theory
Society creates and passes down norms and expectations of gender throughout generations
- System of reward and punishment created for these expectations
- Examins how women's position in social situations differ from that of men
- Women marginalized/confined to lower limit in society
- Women objectified as social instruments
435
What do imbalances of Dopamine do?
Plays role in schizophrenia
436
PTSD Pnemonic for symptoms
```
TRAUMA
T: Traumatic event
R: Re-experience
A: Avoidance
U: Unable to function
M: MOnth or more of symptoms
A: Arousal increased
```
437
Damage to prefrontal cortex leads to
Impairment of the supervisory functions it has
438
Overt orienting
Turning alll or part of body to alter/maximize sensory impact of an event
439
Closure
When space is enclosed by a contour, space tends to be perceived as a complete figure
-Perceived as more complete than they really are
440
Basal Ganglia function
Coordinates muscle movements
| -Makes movements smooth and refined
441
Extensor Plantar Response
If you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor (toes will come down on object)
-With extensor, toes extend up
442
Normative culture def
Refers to the values and behaviors in line with larger societal norms
443
Does feminist theory strive to eliminate men/elevate women above them
Doesn't want to replace men, just points out inequalities that exist between them due to institutions of society
444
Stage 3 of sleep
Slow wave sleep -> delta waves
- Very difficult to awaken
- Sleepwalking/talking
- Declarative memory consolidation
445
Attentional capture def
Attention attracted by motion of an object/stimulus
446
Nociceptors
Pain perception of somatosensory system
447
What bones are housed in the middle ear?
Ossicles
| Malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup
448
Damage to broca's area
Leads to broca's aphasia
- Non-fluent aphasia
- Leads to apraxia: problems with producing speech
449
Stages of appraisal theory of stress
Primary and secondary appraisal
450
3 main assumptions of rational choice theory
1. Completeness: every action can be ranked
2. Transitivity: if A is preferable to B and B is preferable to C then A is preferable to C -> transitive property
3. Independence of irrelevant alternatives: if a 4th option won't change order of how other things are ranked, just add it to the existing order
451
How long does post-acute withdrawal last
Could be up to 2 years
| -Can trigger relapse
452
Pragnanz law
Governing law of gestalt principles
| -Perceptual organization will always be regular simple and symmetric if possible
453
Alzheimer’s characteristics
Loss of cognitive functions and memory
-Eventually loss of basic activities of daily life
-Brain tissue significantly atrophied
—Most dramatic in cerebrum
454
Popular culture
patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society
455
What are the effects on the heart from chronic stress
Increased BP -> muscle inc and more rigidity in heart
| -HTN, vascular disease, CAD
456
Depression psychological definition
Feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in activities
457
Bipolar I vs Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar I: Hypomania becomes manic with or without major depressive disorder
Bipolar II: when hypomania persists and major depressive epsiodes
458
What theory of emotion is this
| Sees bee -> HR inc, starts sweating -> interprets this physical response as emotion (fear)
James lange
459
How long to post-acute withdrawal episodes last
Usually for a few days
460
Olfactory pathway in brain
Odor molecules inhaled into nasal passages
- Contact olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium
- Send signals to olfactory bulb
- Signals relayed via olfactory tract to higher regions of brain -> limbic system
461
How many stages does brain go through during sleep?
4 main stages
- First three are NREM, last one is REM
- Stage 1, 2 and 3 and then REM stage
462
Glycine function
Inhibitory NT in CNA
- Inc flux of Cl- into neuron
- Excess Cl- hyperpolarizes postsynaptic membrane
463
What type of acceleration is vestibule sensitive to? Semicircular canals?
Vestibule: linear acceleration
| Semicircular canals: rotational acceleration
464
Phonology def
Actual sound of language
| -Distinction between sounds
465
Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
Antero: Not being able to establish new memories
-Memories prior to brain injury still intact
Retro: memory loss of events prior to brain injury
-Still able to make new memories after injury
466
Injection route of drug admin
Most direct route of drug admin
- Right to vein -> absorbed within seconds
- Dangerous if dirty needle
467
Uses of hypnosis
Can be used to retrive memories but can create false memories
468
Anterior cavity
Front cavity of eye filled with aqueous humor
| -Humor maintains pressure in this part of eye
469
Kinesthetic sense
Ability to perceive extent, direction and weight of movement
470
In-attentional blindness aka
perceptual blindness
471
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle
- Ex: Foot goes involuntarily up and down
- Caused by hyperreflexia bc if foot is pulled, antagonist muscles triggered
472
How do humans generate meaning in symbolic interactionism
Language allows humans to generate meaning through interactions
-Humans modify meanings via thought processes
473
Religion institution characteristics
Can range from private beliefts to institutionalized religion to celebrating certain holidays
474
Meso level of culture
Population between micro and macro levels
| -Communities, cities, tribes
475
Parietal Lobe components
Somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation
476
Dominance component of overcompensation def
Excessive self assertion
| -Controls others by direct reasons to accomplish goals
477
Histrionic disorder
Attention seeking
- Display emotions outwardly
- Bright clothes
478
Can one recover from any of the aphasias
It is possible by creating new connections between neurons via neural/synaptic plasticity
479
Ex of failed social movement that led to change eventually
MLK movement fialed but led to the civil rights movement
480
Occipital Lobe
Vision, striated
481
What are multinational coroporations
Companies that extend beyond borders of a country
| -Take opportunities in diff countries to manufacture, distribute and sell products
482
What is the flaw in early selection theory
Does not explain divided attention
| -Cocktail party effect
483
Where is DA produced in brain
Ventral Tegmental Area in the midbrain
484
Delusions associated with Schizo
Delusions of persecution, reference, grandeur, control
485
Sick role in healthcare institution
WHen sick allows you tot take a break from responsibilities
| -Viewed as deviant if don't return or get better
486
Cannon bard theory of emotion
Physiological response and emotion occur simultaneously
| Event -> physiological response and emotion
487
Resource model of attention
Limited resources in attention
| -These resources are easily overtasked if we try to pay attention to multiple things at once
488
What determines the rate at which the tympanic membrane's vibrations?
The frequency of sound that enters the external auditory canal
489
Function of PNS
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves emanate from the two structures
-Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
490
Linear perspective
Convergence of parallel lines at a distance
| -Greater convergence = further distance
491
Autonomic Nervouc System
Manages involuntary muscles associated with internal organs and glands
Ex: Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions
-Also regulates body temp via perspiration
-All automatic control for things independent of conscious control
492
Delusions of reference
-Symptom of Schizo
=Neutral environmental event has special/personal meaning
Ex: person on TV is sending message specifically for them
493
Circadian rhythms
Regular body rhythms across 24 hour period
494
Types of stimulants
Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines
495
Borderline Disorder
Unstable relationships, emotions unstable, variable self-image, compulsive
496
Strong social constructionism
Whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits
- All knowledge is social construct and there are no brute facts
- There aren't facts that just exist
497
Where does info go after the optic chiasm?
1. Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus where they pass through temporal/parietal lobes to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe
2. Others go to superior colliculus -> reflexive responses to visual stimuli and reflexive eye movements
498
Discrimination definition
Unjust treatment because individual belongs to a certain group
499
Forebrain development
Divides into telencephalon and diencephalon
Telencephalon: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland
500
Why do marijuana users need less to maintain levels of marijuana
Marijuana stays in body for awhile so regular users need less to maintain levels
501
fMRI Functional Magentic Resonacne Imaging
Same base technique as MRI
- Specifically measures changes associated with blood flow
- Measures blood flow to regions of brain coupled with neuronal activation
502
Family studies characteristics
Genetically related individuals more similar genotypically than unrelated
503
Positive symptoms of schizo
Psychosis, hallucinations, delusions, catatonic or disorganized behaviors
504
Gender oppression focused feminist theory
Women are both unequal and oppressed, subordinated and abused
-Women aren't acknowledged by patriarchal society
-Institution of family more beneficial to men
-Family split into two types of labor
--Domestic: no pay and occupied by women
--Men work outside and make money
Split of roles created social and educational gap between genders
505
Pnemonic for Schacter singer theory
It ain't over till the fat lady sings
-Can't experience emotion (it ain't over) until situation is labelled (she's labelled as fat) or physiological response (starts singing)
506
States of consciousness
Alertness, daydreaming, drowsiness, sleep
507
Cult definition
More radical and reject values of outside society
- Rise when there's a breakdown of societal belief systems
- Short lived depending on how long leader is alive for
508
Critique of world systems theory
Not focused on class struggles or culture of individual countries
509
Where do high and low frequency pitches cause vibrations?
High frequency pitches cause vibrations very close to the oval window
Low frequency pitches cause vibrations far from the oval window (apex)
510
Exogenous/external cues
Environmental cues that don't demand direct attention
| -Uses bottom processing
511
Ecclesia definition
Dominant religious organizations that include most of members in a certain society
-Ex: Islam in Iran
512
Stage 1 of sleep
Theta waves
| -May have visual/auditory hallucinations or have muscle twitches
513
Mania definition
State of high optimism, high energy, high self-esteem, euphoria, risky behaviors, poor judgement, delusions of grandeur, racing thoughts
514
Conflict theory take on medicine institution
Looks at how wealthier people can pay for better medical care and how the poor can't afford deductibles and skip hospitals
- Poor stay sick longer
- Unequal access to valuable resources in society lead to health disparities and limited access to care
515
Parietal Lobe location in relation to fronal
Behind the frontal lobe on post central gyrus
516
Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder characteristics
Largely affects women
Can lead to high BP and other symptoms
-May also have depression
517
What is used to fill in the gaps of the cues such as depth, form, motion, etc?
Gestalt principles
518
Schacter Singer theory of emotion
Physiological and cognitive responses occur simultaneously and form emotion
-Can't feel specific emotion until able to label situation or identify reason for it
Event -> physiological response and lablling of situation -> emotion
519
What somatosensors respond to light touch?
Messner corpuscles
520
Who revised treisan attenuation theory and what did they add
Johnson and Heinz proposed that location of attenuator can vary depending on demand from the listener
521
Components of the Relative deprivation theory of social movements
1. relative deprivation: people who join the movement feel discrepancy ebtween legitimate expectations and their present reality
2. Feeling of deserving better
3. Conventional means are useless -> most use nonconventional methods to enact change
522
Thalamus role in emotion
Emotions are contingent on senses
| -Thalamus is sensory relay station
523
Biomedical vs Biopsychosocial View
Biomedical: Focuses on biological/physical abnormalities
Biopsychosocial: Also considers abnormalities useful for cause of mental disorder and includes psychosocial and cultural/social factors
524
Parkinson’s characteristics
Progressive neuro disorder with motor abnormalities and mental dysfunction
-Slowed movements, decreased muscle tone, abnormal walking, poor balance
525
Functionalist role for mass media
Main role is providing enterainment and occupy our leisure time
- Can act as an agent of socialization or enforce social norms
- Can promote consumer culture
526
Family studies function
Can compose roles of traits of related vs unrelated people
| -Limited because families share genetics and environment -> can't distinguish
527
Dependent Disorder
Submissive/clingy
| -Need other people to survive
528
Marijuana
Mild hallucinogen: THC heightens sensitivity to sound, taste, smell
- Depressant because reduces inhibition, impairs motion and coordination, perception
- Disrupts memory formation and short term recall
529
Microculture def
Only affect people for a limited periood of their lifetimes
- Includes ethnic groups and classes
- Can cause tension between dominant group who determine cultural expectations of society
530
What thought processes does reward pathway override
overrides negative consequences/rationality
531
Do institutions need the individuals who created them?
No: individuals create institutions but they continue even after the individuals who created them are gone
532
LSD/Acid
Prototype hallucinogen
| -Heightened sensations, only visual, inteferes with 5-HT
533
WHat factors affect religion
Modernization, secularization, fundamentalism
534
Medicalization definition
Human conditions prviously considered normal get defined as medical conditions
535
Symbolic interactionism take on medicine institution
Doctor-patient relationship: doctor must realize meaning patient has given to doctor
-Acknowledge medicalization of society has everything to do with doctor's status and wealth
536
Cultural trasmission
How culture is learned
| -How it is passed along from one generation to the next
537
Rational choice theory
People noy only motivated by money but also what's best for them
- Everything people do is fundamentally rational
- People act by weighing costs and benefits of their actions in regards to themselves
- People act in self-interest driven by personal desires and motivated by goals
538
Opioids effects
Dec CNS function, Dec HR, induce sleep, not depressant
- Analgesic: acts as body's receptor sits of endorphins
- Euphoria when taken recreationally
539
Twin studies monozygotic vs dizygotic
Monozygotic: identical twins
Dizygotic: fraternal twins
540
Nativist perspective of language
Children are born with the ability to learn language
- All people have language acquisition device that allows them to learn language because of universal grammar
- Language specializes once we start using the LAD effectively during the critical period from birth to 9 y/lo
541
Obsession definition
Unwanted repetitive thoughts
542
Delusions of persecution
- Positive symptom of Schizo
- They are out go get me
- Ex: Martin’s trying to poison me
543
What causes schizophrenia
Can be caused by combo of genes, psychosocial factors like family interactions
544
brain formation (swellings)
Starts with three swellings for hind/mid/forebrain
| -Both hind and fore divide into two making five total swellings
545
What are the other names for maladaptive coping
Negative coping or non-coping technqiue
546
Herman van Helmholtz
First to measure speed of a nerve impulse
- Speed of impulse related to reaction time
- Transition of psychology to actual natural scient
547
Diffusion def culture
Spread of an invention, or ideas from one place to another
| -Spread of capitalism and democracy have changed thwe world
548
Where are dopamine found?
High concentration in basal ganglia and help with smooth movements and posture stability
549
What somatosensors respond to deep pressure and vibration?
Pacinian corpuscles
550
Hippocampus role in emotion
Key role in forming new memories
| -Converts short term meories into long term
551
Where is the vestibule located and what two structures does it contain?
Located in the vestibule
| -Contains the utricle and saccule
552
Non-lesion method of stimulating brain activity?
Electrically stimulating brain and recording activity
- Causes neurons to fire, activating behavioral/perceptual processes with those neurons
- Allows researcher to create cortical areas
553
Perceived control coping mechanism of stress
Lack of control associated with higher stress
| -Look for areas in life to take little bit of control back
554
Function of ossicles
Ossicles transmit/amplify vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
555
Epi and Norepi function
Controls alertness/wakefulness
- Primary NT of symptathetic NS -> fight or flight
- Norepi is local level NT while epi is systematic hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
556
Papillae
Little bumps on the tongue containing taste buds
557
Nicotine effects
Disrupts sleep and surpresses appetite, inc HR/BP
- High levels can cause muscles to relax and release stress inducing NTs
- Acetylcholine receptor agonist
558
Joint attention def
Focusing attention on an object by two separate individuals
559
Crticism of functionalism
FOcuses entirely on institutions without taking individual into account
-Can't explain social change and conflict
560
Delivery and healthcare inequalities
Inequalities usually in terms of access
| -Elderly and young taken care of by medical programs
561
Neglect definition
Basic needs not met, lack of supervision, poor nutrition, insufficient clothing
562
Which photoreceptor in the eye are more abundant?
Rods are much more abundant
563
Critique of conflict theory
Doesn't explain stability that society can experience
| -Doesn't explain how society is held together despite some members hating each other
564
What does loss of dopaminergic neurons do?
Disruptions of dopamine transmission
| -Results in resting remors and jerky movements
565
What connects both hemisphers of the brain
the corpus callosum
566
Recognition-seeking component of overcompensation def
Impressing, attention seeking
567
Thesis vs antithesis in conflict theory
```
Thesis: generally accepts state where bourg provided working class with labor
Antithesis: desire from working class to change thesis
-Pushback from unhappiness with the status quo
```
568
When does Selective attention occur
When divided attention focuses on one task out of the two
569
How is the lens altered?
Contraction of ciliary muscle pulls suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens to focus an image as the distance varies -> accommodation
570
Critique of exchange theory/rational choice theory
Some choices are limited by social factors like class or gender
- This makes some choices not in individual's best interests
- May not be possible to explain every social structure by actions of individuals
571
Cochlea functino
Spiral shaped organ contains receptors for hearing
572
What somatosensors respond to stretch?
Ruffini endings
573
Pupil
Opening of eye in which light enters
| -Controlled by iris
574
core country
Strong central gov
enough tax to support the gov
Economically diversified and industrialized
Independent of outside control
Strong middle and working classes
Focus on production of material/manufactured goods, not raw materials
575
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Airways obstructed by soft tissues around neck
- Causes snoring, gasping, pauses in breathing
- 15+ apnea’s per hour
576
What are the 5 components of lexical access
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, prgamatics
577
Two theories behind how hypnotism works?
Dissociation theory: hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness
Social influence theory: people do and report what's expected of them
578
Cause of DID
People typically have history of child abuse or extreme life stressor
579
Glutamate function
Excitatory NT
580
Innate vs Learned behavior
Innate: genetically programmed as result of evolution
-Seen in all individuals regardless of environment
Learned: not based on heredity: based on experience/environment
581
Cognitive flexibitility practice of managing stress effects
Perspective change
582
PET Positron Emission Tomagraphy
Radioactive sugar injected and absorbed into body and dispersion and uptake throughout target tissue imaged
583
Mass media def
dissemination and how info is transmitted within a culture
584
Septal Nuclei
Primary pleasure center of brain
585
What does adaptive value lead to?
Adaptation via natural selection
586
Compulsions definition
Unwanted repetitive actions
587
REgional cerebral blood flow rCBF
Detects broad pattenrs of neural activity based on inc blood flow to regions of brain engaged with cognitive function
- Patient inhales harmless radioactive gas that can be detected
- Noninvasive computerized scanning devices
588
Herbert blumer take on social interactionism
proposed 3 tenants
1. We act based on the meaning we've given something
2. different people assign different meanings to things
- Meaning is derived from personal social interactions
3. Meaning is given to something but isn't permanent
589
Components of PNS
Nerve tissue and fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord
590
What role does nondominant hemisphere play in language?
More sensitive to emotional tone of spoken language and body language
-Uses auditory and visual cues
591
Urban vs nuclear family
Urban family consumption based
| Nuclear family emphasized in the US
592
Order of sleep cycle
Stage 1 -> Stage 2 -> Stage 3 -> Stage 2 -> REM -> Stage 1
593
Distal vs proximal stimuli
Distal: objects/events out in world about you
-Aware of these objects and respond to them
Proximal: pattterns of stimuli from these objects/events that actually reach the senses
-Stimuli that is actually perceived
-Distal causes stimulus that you perceive (proximal)
594
Function of retina
In back of eye and converts incoming photons into electrical signals
595
Cocaine
Stronger stimulant
- Brain releases lots of 5-HT, DA, NE and depletes brain supply
- Leads to intense crash and severe depression after effects wear off
- Emotional suspicion, distubrances, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure
596
EEG:
Activity generated by larger group of neurons and involves many electrodes placed on the scalp
-Noninvasive and commonly used on humans
597
Compulsive stimulation-seeking, addictive self-loathing, psychological withdrawal, social withdrawal and excessive autonomy are charactersitics of what maladaptive coping mechanism of stress?
Avoidance maladaptive coping mechanism
598
DSM-5
20 TOp level Categories
599
Social construtcionism theory definition
Knowledge isn't real and only exists because we give them reality via social afreement
600
Avoidance maladaptive coping mechanism
Social withdrawal/exccessive autonomy, Compulsive stimulation-seeking, addictive self-loathing, psychological withdrawal
601
Stereotyping feminist
All women viewed under same oversimplified image
602
Hypothalamus Function
Serves homeostatic functions and regulates emotional states
- Some endocrine functions
- Regulates metabolism. temp, water balance
- Regulate autonomic NS and drives behavior
603
Social support coping mechanism of stress
Confiding painful/difficult feelinga nd allows us to understand that we are not alone
-Helps with perceived control and optimism
604
Distress vs Eustress vs Neustress
Dis: Negative type of stress
Eus: Positive type of stress
Neu: Neutral type of stress
-Ex: Fires in Australia were a stressor but did not directly affect self
605
When does the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome get reached
Only if recovery from stress doesn't occur
| -Result of long term stress
606
Spotlight model of attention
Selective attention that doesn't pay attention to everything
| -Uses primers at unconscious level to affect response to anotehr stimulus
607
Conflict theory
Focuses on inequalities of different groups in society
| -Marx believed that society evolved through several stages: fedualism -> capitalism -> socialism
608
characteristics of each personality in DID
Each has its own mannerisms, emotional responses, distinct physical changes, denial of other identity
609
Speech difficulties and abnormalities
Inability to carry on a conversation
- Monotone speaking
- Lessing of speech fluency/productivity
- Empty replies to question
610
What are the other two scalae continuous with?
Surround hearing apparatus with perilymph and continuous with oval and round windows
611
Amygdala role in emotion
Stimulation -> aggression, anger, frear, smell-tied emotions
612
Opiates vs opioids
OPiates are natural
| Opioids are synthetic
613
Which type of procesing is most necessary (bottom up vs top down)?
We need both
| -Neither system is sufficient by itself
614
Fundamentalism definition
Reaction to secularization in which church goes back to strict beliefs
-Creates social problems when people become too extreme
615
Where is language located for most people
Broca's -> frontal lobe
| Wenicke's area -> temporal lobe
616
Daily hassles stressor def
Seemingly minor events/hassles of everyday lif
-Often accompnay low SES or racism for minorities
Ex: traffic, stepping in dog poop, work
617
How do rods and cones connect to the optic nerve?
- Synapse directly with bipolar cells
- Bipolar cells synapse to ganglion cells
- Axons of bipolar cells group together to form optic nerve
618
What do both the spolight and resource models of attention say about our ability to multitask?
Both suggest that we are not very good at multi tasking
619
Tolerance definition
When individual is used to a drug, needs higher dosage for some effects
-Shifts dose response curve to right
620
Deutch and Death's Late selection theory
Broadband selective filter occurs after perceptual processes
| -Assigns meaning to all things before selective filter
621
What type of stress did Walter cannon focus on?
Homeostatic response to stress: fight or flight
- Sympathetic: fight or flight
- Endocrine: epi/norepi and cortisol from medulla and cortex respectively
- Oxytocin: Tend and befriend response -> support systems
622
Narcisstic disorder
Huge egos
- Need for admiration and praises
- Grandiose
623
Epi = ?, Norepi =?
```
Epi = adrenaline
Norepi = noradrenaline
```
624
Prosody def
Producing speech that lacks meaning
625
Bourgeoisie vs proletariat
Bourg: rich upper class, minority, wealth, power , influence
Prolet: WOrking class, worth determined by ability to perform labor
626
Somatosensation
Senses located outside of the other four senses
627
Agonist vs Antagonist
Agonist: Drug that mimics action of NTs
Antagonist: Drug that blocks action of an NT
628
Hyperglobalist perspective
Globalization is a new age in human history in which coutnries become interdependent
-Countries become one global society
629
Sir Charles Sherrington
Existence of synapses
| -Thought they were electrical but they are chemical
630
Social dysfunction
Process that has undesireable consequences and may reduce stability of society
631
How long is each sleep cycle and how many stages per sleep cycle?
Each cycle is 90 min on average and 4 main stages
632
Panic disorders characteristics
Sudden burst of sheer panic and intense fear
633
Hindbrain function
Controls motor coordination, balance, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes (i.e waking/sleeping)
634
Which two global theories are antagonistic to each other
The dependency theory is a reaction modernization theory
| -Wants to counter the statement that all countries eventually become modernized
635
Interposition
When two objects overlap, one in front perceived as closer
636
What theory of emotion is this
| Man sees bee -> HR inc and man feels fear at same time
Canon bard
637
How do the semicircular canals maintain balance?
When head rotates, endolymph in semicircular canals resist this motion
-UNderlying hair cells are bent and send signals to brain
638
Oral route of drug admin
Slowest because must go through GI tract
639
NT associated with Schizo
High Dopamine Levels
640
What is the Yerkes-Dodson curve
Relationship between long term memory and fear
| -Mild fear = best long term memory recall
641
William James
Father of American psychology
| -Functionalism -> mind adaptation to environment
642
Modernization theory
All countries follow similar path of development from traditional to modern society
- Looks at internal social dynamics as country adapts to new tech
- Looks at political/social changes that occur during adaptations
643
Weak social constructionism
Consists of brute facts and institutional facts
Brute: basic and fundamental facts
-Something not defined by something else
Institutional: Created by social conventions and do rely on other facts
-Ex: money depends on the paper we have given value
644
Function of parietal lobe
Somatosensory processing
| -Projection area for all signals for touch, pressure, temp, pain etc.
645
Criticism of relative deprivation theory
People who don't feel deprived still join social movements
| -People who aren't personally affected can join movements
646
Meaning-focused coping def
Concentration on deriving meaning from stressful experience
647
Definitions of types of govenments
Democracy: takes into account will of people
Dictatorship: autonomous rule, no consent of citizens
Communism: classless, moneyless community where all property owned by community
Monarchy: gov embodied by a single person who is a figure head
648
What parts of the brain perform parallel processing?
optic tract, LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus), visual cortex
649
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Different from OCD
| -Very focused on life being ordered and things being perfect
650
Mediation practice of managing stress effects
Lowers HR, BP and cholesterol conc
651
ACtivation synthesis hypothesis of dreaming
Brain trying to find meaning from random brain activity
652
Alertness definition
Awake
aware of identity
What's going on in the environment
-Code info to memory
653
Optimism coping mechanism of stress
Humor/optimism decreases stresss
654
Social constructionism take on medicine institution
We have assumptions about diff races, genders and subcultures that are dangerous to the medical profession
Ex: assuming poor people don't work hard enough don't deserve healthcare
--Some poor people work hard and just can't afford it
-Supports medicalization in which patients and doctors construct illness out of ordinary behavior
655
How does a semi periphery nation come to be
Either a periphery nation can move up or a core nation can move down
656
Culture def
Way of life shared by group of individuals
| -Knowledge beliefs, values that bind society together
657
Can multitasking every be as efficent as working on a single task
No, not even a little bit
658
Hypothalamus role in emotion
Responsible for fight or flight reactions
| -Hunger, sleep, thirst, fucking
659
Proximity
Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as one unit
660
Frontal Lobe
Motor cortex: Body movements
Prefrontal cortex: Executive function, surprise/direct other areas of brain
Broca’s area: speech production
661
EEG scans show inc activity in which hemisphere with negative emotions
R hemisphere
662
How are culture and society related
Culture provides a guideline for living and makes a society run
-Culture is passed on between generation in society
663
Examples of core countries
Western Europe and the US
664
Proprioception
Awareness of posture, movement and changes in equilibrium and knowledge of objects in relation to the body
-hand-eye coordination, balance, mobility
665
Transofmationalist perspective
National govs are changing and becoming less important
- New world order is developing
- Many factors influence this change
666
Child abuse
Can be through phsyical actions or through neglect
667
Serotonin roles in psychological disorders
Roles in depression and mania
- Oversupply = mania
- Undersupply = depression
668
Meninges
Definition: thick three layered sheath of connective tissue that protects the brain
- Help protect brain by keeping it anchored within the skull
- Reabsorb CSF which nourishes brain/SC and provides protective cushion
Dura mater: outer layer
-Connected directly to skull
Arachnoid mater: middle layer
-Fibrous, weblike structure
Pia mater: inner layer
-Connected directly to brain
669
Culture shock
Feelings of disorientation, uncertainty or fear when an individual encounters an unfamiliar culture
-May feel sad, lonely, homesick or question decision of moving to this other culture
670
in-attentional blindness def
Unawareness of things not in visual field when attention is directed elsewhere in visual field
- Inability to recognize an unexpected object/event/stimulus in plain sight
- Due to lapse in attention not defect of sensory perception
671
Psychoanalytic theory made by who?
Freud
| Later by Jung
672
Psychoanalytic theory def
Personality shaped by childhood experiences
- Person's thoughts/desires feelings and past memories
- Unconscious influences action and thought
673
Psychoanalutic theory two instinctual drives that motivate behavior
Libido and death instinct
674
Libido def
Fuels energy for motivation for survival, growth, pleasure, etc
675
Death instinct def
Drives afferessive behaviors fueld by unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself or others
676
Projection def
Projecting own feelings of inadequacy on something else
677
Reaction Formation
Defense mechanism where someone says opposite of how they feel
678
Regression defense mechanism def
Regression to pposition of a child in problematic situations
679
Sublimation def
Unwanted impulses transformed to position of child in problematic situations
680
Id definition
Unconscious, demands immediate gratification
| -Develops after birth
681
Ego definition
Part of conscious and unconscious
- Long term gratification
- Perceptions, thoughts, judgements
682
Superego definition
Develops around 4 y/o moral conscience
- Both conscious and unconscious
- Thinks about what everyone in society thinks and being socially acceptable
683
Ego role in freud psychosexual theory
Ego tries to gratify id while taking into account thoughts of superego
684
Humanistic theory who made it
Carl Rogers
685
Humanistic Theory def
Most basic nature of people is self-actualization
| -Drive to maintain/enhance one's potential
686
How does rogers differ from freud in trait theory
He focuses on the consciousness not the unconsious
687
How did Carl rogers differ from Maslow
Maslow believed self-actualization is rarely achieved
| -Rogers said that self-actualization is a constant growth process
688
How is self-actualization nurtured according to Rogers
Genuineness and Acceptance
689
Biological theory
Relates brain to behavior instead of traits
| -Personality is inherited in part by genes
690
Eysenck theory
PEN: 3 major dimensions of personality that encompass all traits
Psychocisitism: degree to which reality is distorted
Extroversion: Degree os sociability
Neuroticism: Emotional stability
691
Jeffrey Alan Gray theory of personality
Personality governed by behavioral inhibition system
| -Governed by punishment and reward
692
Robert Cloninger theory of personality
Personality is linked to brain systems that govern rewar/punishment
-Low DA correlates with higher impulsivity
693
How are twin studies helpful in studying personality
Looks at diff between environment and genetics
| -Twins reared separately still had similar personalities
694
Social potency trait def
Degree that person assumes leadership roles in social situations
695
Traditionalism
Tendency to follow authority
696
What common traits were found in twins
Social potency and traditionalism
697
Behaviorist theory of personality
Personality results of learned behvaior patterns
| -Oberverable measures of behavior
698
Who are associated with behaviorist personality theory
Skinner -> strict behaviorist
| Pavlov -> classical conditioning
699
Trait theory def
Stable predisposition leads to a certain behavior
| -Surface and source traits
700
Surface traits def
evident from a person's behvaior
701
Source traits
Factors underlying human personality
| -More abstract
702
Meyers Briggs Personality Test
4 Letters characterize a person in 1 out of 16 personalities
703
Gordon Allport theory of personality
Individuals have a subset of traits from universal set of possible traits
-Cardinal, Central and secondary traits
704
Cardinal traits
Charactersitics that direct most of person's activities
- Dominant traits
- Influences all of our behvaiors
- Influences secondary and central traits
705
Central Traits
Less dominant then cardinal
| Ex: honesty, shyness, sociability
706
Secondary traits
Preferences or attitudes
| Ex: love for modern art
707
Raymond Cattel theory of personality
We have 16 essential personality traits that represent basic dimensions of personality
708
Big 5 personality traits
```
OCEAN
Openness: Independent vs conforming
Conscioentiousness: Careful vs careless
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism: Stable vs tense
```
709
Social cognitive theory
Emphasizes interactions between people and their environment and causes behavior change
710
Who is connected to social cognitive theory
Albert bandura and observational learning
711
Bobo doll experiment 1st experiment
Group of children watch man beat up doll
| -They also beat the doll after he left
712
Bobo doll 2nd experiment
Kids observe man getting punished after beating the doll
| -Some imitated and some did not
713
Bandura social cognitive theory mnemonic
```
AM I Motivated
A: Attention
M: Memory
I: Imitation
M: Motivation
```
714
Defense mechanisms def
Psychological shield against anxiety and discomforrt of unconscious processes
715
Pathological defense mechanisms
Distort reality
| -Denial
716
Immature Defense mechanisms
Projection
| Passive Aggression
717
Neurotic Defense Mechanism mnemonic
```
4RID
Rationalization:
Regression:
Repression:
Reaction Formation:
Intellecualization
Displacement
```
718
Rationalization
Making yourself believe you were not at fault
| -May use false logic or false reasoning
719
Regression
Acting like a child in situations
720
Repression
Unconscious process where thoughts are pushed down to unconscious
721
Reaction Formation
Unconscious feelings that make person do complete opposite
722
Intellectualizaion
Taking intellectual aspects and detaching from emotional aspects of a situation
723
Displacement
Anger at someone displaces it to another safer target
724
Mature defense mechanisms mnemonic
```
HASS
Humor
Altruism
Sublimation
Suppression
```
725
Humor defense mechanism
Expressing jokes to be truthful and alleviate feelings but make them socially acceptable
726
Altruism
Service of others leads to fulfillment
727
Sublimation
Channeling negative energy into something socially acceptable
728
Suppression
Conscious thought gets pushed to unconscious but can be accessed at a later time
729
Who created the pleasure and reality principles
Freud
730
Pleasure principle
People want to immediately feel pleasure in order to avoid suffering
-Not willing to compromise
731
Reality Principle
When people become mature they realize they need to sacrifice short term reward and replace it with long term gratification
-Have to compromise sometimes
732
How do the pleasure and reality principles differ
In reality principle you have to wait for your gratification
733
Freud's two important drives
Eros/Life Drive: Working with others to promote self and wellbeing of others
Thantos/Death Drive: Self-Destructive harmful behavior to others -> hate, anger, fear
734
Regression Model Def
All variables examined and all variables are continuous
735
Linear regression def
Degree of dependence between one variable on another
| -Scatter plot shows a one way influence of one variable on another
736
Correlation coefficient
If 1, Direct positive correlation
If -1, direct negative correlation
if 0 no correlation
737
Chi square test significance
All variables are categorical
| -Null hypothesis vs alternative hypothesis
738
T test
Compares mean values of continuous variables between 2 categories
- Two tailed: possibility of relationship in both directions
- One tailed: One direction of influence
739
ANOVA significant
Similar to T-test
| -Can be used for 3+ groups
740
Population validity
Type of external validity
- How well sample used can be extrapolated to a population as a whole
- Generalizability
741
Ecological Validity
Type of external validity
| -Looks at testing environment and determines how much it influences results/behaviors
742
Test validity
Indicator of how much meaning can be placed on a set of test results
743
Regression to the mean
When 1st measurement is extreme, next ones are closer to the mean
744
Counter balancing
Method to control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli might have on the dependnet vairable
745
Vehicular control
Experimental group without the directly desired impact
746
Hindsight bias
Inclination that after an event has occurred, it was predictable
747
Normalcy bias
Causes people to underestimate both possibility of a disaster occurring and its possible effects
748
Reconstructuve bias
We are worse at remembering things than we think
749
Attrition bias
When participants drop out of a long term experiment
- Results are representative of the people left in the trial
- May be skewed
750
Social desireability bias
Related to how people respond to research questions
| -People tend to answer in the way that they believe they are supposed to answer
751
Selection bias
Skew based on how people are chosen to participate
752
Subjective bias
When self-reported info is not objective
753
Cognitive bias
Deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgement
754
Neurodevelopmental disorders def
Distress/disability due to abnormality in development of nervous system
-Intellecual disability, autism, ADHD
755
Neurocognitive disorders
Loss of conitive/other functions of brain after nervous system has developed
-Delirium: reversible episode of cognitive problems
Dementia: irreversible and progressive cognitive problems
756
Sleep-wake disorder
Distress/disability from sleep-related issues
| -Insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders, narcolepsy
757
Anxiety disorders
Abnormal worry or fear
- Can be specific to certain stimuli or nonspecific
- Generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic disorder
758
Depressive disorders
Abnormally negative mood
| -High risk of suicide
759
Bipolar and related disorders
Abnormal mood
| -Mania -> abnormallly positive mood
760
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Distress/disability from psychosis
| -Involves delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
761
Trauma/stressor -related disorders
Occurs after stressful/traumatic events
| -PTSD
762
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Distress/disability from use of substances that affect mental function
-Alcohol, caffeine, halluincations, opioids
763
Personality disorders
Long-term mental and behavioral feaures outside of what is socially acceptable
-Cluster A: weird
cluster b: wild
cluster c: worried
764
Disruptive, impulse control, conduct disorders
Inability to control inappropriate behaviors
765
Obsessive compulsive and related disroders
Compulsions and unwelcome throughts that occur repeatedly
766
Somatic symptom disorders
Distress/disability from symptoms similar to those that occur to illnesses unrelated to mental disorder
-Someone who has abdominal pain due to stress
767
Feeding and eating disorders
Behavioral abnormalities related to food
768
Elimination disorders
urination/defecation at inappropriate times
769
Dissociative disorders
Abnormalities of identity/memory
| -Multiple personalities or lost memories for part of life
770
Sexual dsfunction disorders
Abnormalities in performance of sexual activity
771
Gender dysphoria
person identifying as a different gender
772
Paraphilic disorders
Sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
773
Ethology
Focus on obsesrvation of animal overt behaviors
774
Innate behvaioral traits
Genetically programmed movements
| -Req no experience with the environment
775
3 main types of innate behavior
reflexes, orientation behaviors, fixed-action patterns
776
Reflexes innate behavior def
sensory and motor nerve loop response without thinking
777
Orientation behaviors innate behavior def
Spatial regulation in environment
| Ex: positive vs negative taxis/response to stimuli
778
Fixed-action pattern innate behavior def
SEquence of coordinated movement without interruption
- Like a reflex but more complicated
- Can be non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, progressive
779
Complex behavior def
Combo of innate and learned behvaior
780
Covert behavior
Not observable behavior
781
Status def
Person's social position in society
| -Each person has many statuses
782
Acribed status
Status you can't change
- Given from birth
- Exists across all cultures
- Based on gender, race, family origins
783
What social system weighs ascribed status more heavily
Caste system
784
Achieved status
Status you can earn yourself after yourself after working for it
- Person takes on this status voluntarily
- Reflects personal ability and merit
785
Which status is usually a person's occupation
achieved status
786
Role strain vs role conflict
Strain: tensions within one status
-Pulled in many directions by one status
Conflict: Conflict between two or more diff statuses
787
A student has to write two papers, five reading assignments, and has three tests tomorrow. He is stressed. Is this role strain or role conflict?
Role strain
788
A person has to juggle being a parent, husband, worker and grandfater. he is struggling. Is this role strain or role conflict?
Role conflict
789
Role exit def
When someone stops engagine in a role previously central to their identity
-Process of establishing a new identity
790
Someone retires from a long career of working in a factory and becomes a full-time golfer. What phenomenon does this explain?
Role exit
791
Primary group def
Primary: closest members of group to you
- Close intimate, long term relationships
- Sense of belonging and shared identity
792
What group does in-group fall under
Primary group
793
What are common in groups
Ethnicity, gender, nationality, religion
794
In group def
Group you are affiliated with based on identification
795
Secondary group
Formal, impersonal, temporary relationships based on limited purpose/goal
796
You are at a wedding and the guests are work friends, distant family members. What type of group is this?
Secondary groups
797
What is the dramaturgical approach
Theater metaphor used to understand social interactions
- People act with respect to the audience and put the best presentation of themselves that they can
- Front stage and back stage
798
Who is associated with the dramaturgical approach
Goffman
799
Front stage vs back stage dramaturgical approach
Front: when people are in social setting
Back: private area of our lives when the act is over
-Able to be self and do what makes self feel comfortable
800
Someone is watching football with his friends even if doesn't like it
-May manipulate how he's seen to make friends
Front stage
801
Guy who said he loved football to his friends but watches chopped exlusively when he gets home
Back stage
802
Impression management def
Attempt to control how others see us on front stage
- Diff situations req diff social scrips from self as an actor
- There are multiple front stages
803
When do people work on impression management
In our backstage
804
Discrimination
Differential treatement and harmful actions against minorities
-Can be race, religion, etc
805
Individual Discrimination
INdividual person acting to discriminate
806
Institutional discrimination
Organization discriminating
| -Govs, banks, schjools
807
side effect discrimination
How one institution can influence another negatively
808
A small town where black people get unfair verdict of guilty, they can't get a job because of criminal record. What type of discrimination is this?
Side effect discrimination
| -because discrimination against race in crimes led to discrimination in occupation
809
Prejudice def
Attitudes that prejudice a group
- Usually negative and not based on facts
- Not actions
810
Organizations definition
Institutions designed for a specific purpose, collective goal and try to maximize efficiency
811
Utilitarian organization
Members are paid/rewarded for their efforts
812
Ex of utilitarian organizations
businesses, gov jobs, universities
813
Normative organizations
Members come together through shared goals
| -Positive sensity of unity and purpose
814
Coercive organizations
Members don't have a choice about membership
815
Ex of coercive organizations
People in prison
816
Function of beuracracy
Organizations achieve max efficiency
| -Beuracracy = rules, structures, rankings, that guide orgs
817
Bureaucratization def
Process by which orgs become increasingly by governed laws and policy
818
What is the Iron Rule of Oligarchy
All orgs become more and more bureacratic until governed by a select few
-Those who achieve this power might have skills that make them valuable
819
McDonalidization def
Policies of fast food orgs dominate other orgs in society
| -Principles of efficiency, uniformity, predictability, control
820
Ex of McDonalization
Movie theaters all work and similarly
821
What are Max webers 5 main characteristics of ideal bureacricies regardless of the goal of the org
1. Division of labor
2. Hierarchy of organizations
3. written rules and regulation
4. Impersonality
5. Employment based on technical qualifications
822
What is the Peter principle
When every employee in the hierarchy keeps getting pushed until they reach level of incoompetence
-Until they reach the position they will stay at
823
What is hierarchy of organizations
Each position is under supervision of higher authority
| -Not all people in orgs are equal
824
When does fertilization occur
Week 2
| -Egg and sperm genetic material combine
825
When does the fetus develop
By week 10
826
At what checkpoint does the birth rate complications start to decrease
After 23 weeks
827
When is a full term birth
at 40 weeks
828
When is pre term and post term
Preterm: before 37 weeks
Postterm: after 42 weeks
829
What are the permanent neonatal reflexes
1. breathing reflex
2. Eye Blink reflex
3. Pupillary reflex
4. Swallowing Reflex
830
What is the pupillary reflex
Constrict pupil when bright light
831
what is the swallowing reflex
Swallowing food is automatic
832
What is the eye blink reflex
Involuntary blinking when something comes near their head
833
What's the difference between permanent and neonatal reflexes
Permanent: Present throughout life
| Neonatal reflexes: disappear as baby ages
834
Rooting reflex def
Baby turns head as reflex for nipple or bottle
835
Babinski reflex def
When baby curls toes outwards when bottom of foot is stroked
836
Monro Reflex def
Startle reaction
| -Fan out arms then fan them back
837
Tonic Neck reflex def
Head turns and arm straightens while arm on side
838
Galant reflex def
When skin is stroked, baby swings to side that was stroked
839
Palmer Grasp Reflex def
Closing hand on anything that comes in their palm
840
Sucking reflex def
Sucking on any object placed on its mouth
841
Stepping reflex def
Holding infant upright and feet touch flat surface
| -They try to walk
842
Swimming reflex def
Moves arms/legs in swimming motion
| -Can swim/float for short period of time
843
What does the prefrontal cortex
Early 20s
844
What structures in the brain develop around when the prefrontal cortex
Amygdala, hypothalamus, and other limbic structures
845
What is synaptic pruning
Breaking of certain connections in neurons
| -Focuses on synaptic conenctions on ones we use most
846
Geographical proximity significance
Most powerful predictor of freidnships and relationships
847
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to novel people/objects inc our liking for them
-The more often we see something we like it
848
What is the execption to the mere exposure effect
Burn out
| -When repeated exposure gets excessive
849
What's more important facial attraction or body attraction def
Facial attraction is more important
850
Attractive level of average looks
Averageness is attractive
| -Unique traits are not most attractive
851
Does sympathetic or parasympathetic arousal lead to more feelings of attractiveness
Sympathetic arousal leads to higher ratings of attractiveness
852
What do close friends and couples have in common
Atittudes, beliefs, interests, values
853
Does similarity lead to attractiveness
People are more likely to find an individual that looks like them to look similar
854
What is projection bias
Assuming others share some beliefs as we do
855
What is a false consensus
Assuming everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they don't agree
856
What is the Harlow Monkey Experiments significance
It is used to show cause of attachment between mother and child
857
What is stranger anxiety
Around 8 months, babies don't like/wary of strangers
858
What is the Mary Ainsworth's stranger situation
parenting style leads to secure or insecure attachment
| -Early parenting style forms early attachment and forms basis of adult relationshipslater in life
859
What are the types of parenting styles
Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive/indulgent
860
Authoritarian parenting style
Very strict, breaks will of child
| -Punishment with no reasoning
861
Authoritative parenting style
Also strict but consistent and loving
- Reaosns for actions and listens to the child
- Balances responsibility with rights of child
862
Permissive/indulgent parenting style
Non-directive and lenient
| -Few behavioral expectations
863
What is the most effective parenting style
Authoritative
864
Components of aggression
Biology, psychology and socio-culture
865
Biology component of aggerssion
Genes, brain structure lead to aggression
| -Amygdala, frontal lobe and testosterone
866
Psychological component of aggression
Frustration agression principle and reinforcement modeling
867
What is frustration aggression principle
Frustration can lead to anger which sparks aggression
868
What is reinforcment modeling
Positive reinforcement can lead to aggression
- Giving in to temper tantrums as a parent can lead to more tamper tantrums
- Children also model the agressive behavior of parents
869
Socio cultural component of aggression
Deindividuation: people act more aggressively in groups because of anonymity
Social scripts: instructions provided by society on how to act in new situations
870
What is altruism
Care about welfare of others and acting to help them
871
Effects of altruism
Leads to higher life satisfaction and dec depression/anxiety
872
What is kin selection
People act more altrustically to kin
873
What is reciprocal altruism
People are more cooperative if they will interact with the person again in the future
- Expectation of future reward
- People help someone if they have helped us
874
What is cost signaling
Giving signaling to person who's giving resources that you are ready to cooperate
875
What is the empathy altruism hypothesis
Some people are altruistic due to empathy
| -Higher empathy leads to higher altruism
876
When does altruism begin
As early as 2
| -Sharing toys
877
What is emotional support
Involves listening and emphasizing
| -Can include physical support like hugs
878
Who usually provides emotional support
Those closest to you
879
Esteem support
Things people say to let you know they believe in you
| -Encourgement and confidence
880
Informational support
Sharing info with or giving advice
| -Usually family and friends
881
Tangible/instrumental support
Financial assistance
- Materials, goods, services
- Taking some responsibilities and allows us to deal with other probs
882
Companionship support
Gives someone sense of social belonging
883
Low social support leads to?
Depression/anxiety, mental disorders, alc/drug probs
884
Self-concept/self-identity
How someone perceives themselves
| -Self-awareness
885
Components of self-concpet
Existential self and categorical self
886
Existential Self def
Awareness that self is constant throughout life
| -Awareness that self is separate from others
887
When does the existential develop
As young as 2-3 months old
888
Catgorical self def
Awareness that we exist in the world with others
- Other objects/persons in the world have its own properties
- Comparing self to others
889
Who is associated with the humanist theory of self-image
Carl rogers
890
Humanistic theory self concept components
1. Self-image: view we have of ourselves
2. Self-esteem/self-worth: how much value we place on ourselves
3. Ideal-self: what we wish/aspire to be
891
How is a positive self concept created from a humanist perspective
When ideal and real self are similar
892
Incongruity def
When ideal self and real self don't match
893
Social identity theory def
Divides self-concept further into personal and social identity
894
Personal identity def
Things unique to each person like personality traits
895
Social identity def
Includes the groups you belong to in our communit
| -Way we categorize ourselves takes 3 steps
896
Social identity formation steps
1. Human nature lets us categorize ourselves and others
2. Adopt identity of the group we think we belong to
3. Compare outselves with other groups to maintain self-esteem -> helps us understand our prejudice
897
Self-esteem def
Respect and regard for ourselves
898
Self-efficacy def
Belief in one's abilities to succeed in a situation
899
Who is associated with self-efficacy
Bandura
900
Difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is more specific than self-esteem and comes in two types
901
What are the two types of self-efficacy
Strong vs weak self-efficacy
902
STrong efficacy components
- recover quickly from setbacks
- Strong interests
- Strong commitment
- Enjoy challenging tasks
903
Strong efficacy mnemonic
```
RISE
R: Recover quickly
I: Interest (strong)
S: Strong Commitment
E: Enjoy challenging tasks
```
904
Weak efficacy components
- Focuses on personal failutes
- Avoids challenging tasks
- Quickly lose confidence in abilities
- Lack ability to handle difficult tasks/situations
905
Weak efficacy mnemonic
```
FALL
F: Failures
A: Avoid challenging tasks
L: Lose confidence
L: Lack ability to take on complex tasks
```
906
What are the sources that lead to strong efficacy
1. Mastery of experience
2. Social modeling: seeing people similar to self complete same task
3. Social persuasion: When someone says something positive about you
4. Psychological Responses: Learning how to minimize stress and control mood in challenging situations
907
Locus of control def
Extent to which people perceive they have control over events in their life
908
Internal vs external locus of control
Internal: believes can influence events/outcomes
-Events/results are primarily results of own actions
-Happier, less depressed, less stressed
External: attribute event to environmental events/causes
909
Freud psychosexual theory def
Early childhood is most important period where personality is developed
-Influences behavior later in life
910
What happens fixation occurs during a stage
It would have a lifelong affect on adulthood
911
What causes fixation in psychosexual theory
Libido
912
Freud psychosexual theory mnemonic
```
Old Aged People Love Grandchildren
O: Oral
A: Anal
P: Phallic
L: Latent
G: Genital
```
913
Oral stage
0-1 y/o
- Libido centered around baby's mouth
- Infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation
914
Fixation at oral stage leads to?
Issues with dependency and aggression
- Smoking
- Biting fingernails
- Overeating
915
Anal stagey
1-3 yrs
- Centered around anus
- Develops controls/independence and productivity
916
Fixation at Anal stage leads to?
Problems with orderliness or messiness
917
Phallic stage
3-6 yrs
- Discover diff between males and females
- Oedipus and Electra Complex
918
Fixation at phallic stage leads to?
Homosexuality or exhibitionism
919
Latent stage
6-12 yrs
- No focus on libido
- Period of exploration
- Libido directed into intellectual puruits and communication skills
- Children concerned with relationships, hobbies, and hanging out with same gendered children
920
fixation at latent stage leads to?
Doesn't develop into adult fixation
921
Genital stage
13 and older
Individual develops strong sexual interests
-Focus shifts to need of others
922
Fixation at genital stage leads to?
No adult fixation
| -If person reaches this stage, person is mentally healthy
923
Erikson's psyhcosocial development
Focuses on crisises that occur at each stage of development in life
- Failure to get past leads to unhealthy presonality
- Success leads to virtues and healthy personality
924
List each of erikson's stages of psychosocial development and the years for them
```
Trust vs Mistrust 0-1
Autonomy vs Shame 1-3
Initiative vs Guilt 3-6
Industry vs Inferiority 6-12
Identity vs Role Confusion 12-20
Intimacy vs Isolation 20-40
Generativity vs Stagnation 40-65
Integrity vs Despair 65-Death
```
925
Virtuee of trust vs mistrust stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Hope
926
Result of failure for trust vs mistrust stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Suspicion/fear
927
Virtue of initiative vs guilt stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Reaching a sense of purpose
928
Failure results in what in initiative vs guilt stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Low creativitiy, inadequacy
929
Virtue of autonomy vs shame stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Will/independence
930
Failure results in what in autonomy vs shame stage of stage of eikson's psychosocial development
lack of self esteem
| -Doubt in abilities
931
Virtue of industry vs inferiority stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Signficance and self esteem
| -Competence
932
Failure results in what in industry vs inferiority stage of eikson's psychosocial development
feelings of inferiority or incompetence
933
Virtue of identity vs role confusion stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Fidelity
| Uniqueness
934
Failure results in what in identity vs role confusion stage of eikson's psychosocial development
role-confusion
| unhappiness
935
Virtue of generativity vs stagnation stage of eikson's psychosocial development
Sense of care for others
936
Failure results in what in generativity vs stagnation stage of eikson's psychosocial development
stagnation and unproductivity
937
Virtue of intimacy vs isolation stage of eikson's psychosocial development
comfortable relationships, love
938
Failure results in what in intimacy vs isolation stage of eikson's psychosocial development
isolation, loneliness, depression
939
Virtue of integrity vs despair stage of eikson's psychosocial development
wisdom, sense of closure/completeness
940
Failure results in what in integrity vs despair stage of eikson's psychosocial development
despair
| dissatisfaction upon death
941
Vgotsky sociocultural development
Babies have 4 mental functions that develop into more sophisticated
942
Vgotsky sociocultural development 4 mental functions
```
AMPS
A: Attention
M: Memory
P: Perception
S: Sensation
```
943
Vgotsky sociocultural development adult development of the mental functions depend on what
1. MKO: More knowledegable Other
2. Zone of Proximal Development
3. Language
944
Vgotsky sociocultural development Zone of proximal development
Place where sensitive instruction should be given
945
Vgotsky sociocultural development MKO
More knowledegable Other
| -Person with better understanding than the learner
946
Vgotsky sociocultural development Language component
Language accelerates thinking and understanding
947
Who does Vgotsky sociocultural development also closely associate with
Kohlberg's theories
| -Very similar to the stages of moral development
948
Imitation function
Helps understand diff between others and self
949
Roles def
Define what we do and who we are
950
Roles function
Gives us things to conform to
951
Reference groups def
People refer to this group when evaluating self
| -Influence social decisions
952
What was Mead's theory
Social behaviorism between the I and Me
953
Stages of Mead's social behaviorism
1. Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage
954
Prepartory stage of Mead's social behaviorism
-Interaction through imitation, no perspective of others
955
Play stage Mead's social behaviorism
More aware of social relationships
- Pretend play as others
- Role-taking
956
Game stage Mead's social behaviorism
Start to understand generalized other and society as a whole
- Understand people can take multiple roles
- Development of the Me and I
957
Difference between Me and I Mead's social behaviorism
Me: Conforming to societies view
I: non conforming, non socializing
958
What is the actual self
In between the I and me
959
Charles Cooley theory
Looking Glass Self
960
Components of looking glass self
1. How do I appear to others
2. What do others think of me
3. Revise how I think about myself
961
How does the looking glass self affect a person?
We might not actually be influenced by others, but we imagine the opinions of others
962
Mature socialization def
When individual accurately predicts how others think about them
963
What are the main characteristics that impact how we are persuaded for or against a message
Message, source and target characteristics
964
Message characteristics def
The message itself
| -Clarity, logic of it, grammar, vocab
965
Source characteristic def
Environment around message and speaker's background
| -Is speaker trustworthy, is the info credible, type of info
966
Target charatersitics
Listener attributes
| -Mood, self esteem, intelligence, how we received message
967
Elaboration likelihood model def
The chances we will be persuaded and follows the central and peripheral paths
968
Three stages of elaboration likelihood model
Pre-processing
Processing by message/source
Change in attitude
969
Stage 1 of elaboration likelihood model
Central: If listener interested, motivation is higher
Peripheral: When listener doesn't care about topic
970
Stage 2 elaboration likelihood model
Central: Focus on deep processing for info
Peripheral: Superficial characteristics like attractiveness of speaker, speaker got audience to laugh
971
Stage 3 elaboration likelihood model
Central: Lasting attitude change
Peripheral: Temporary attitude change
972
Reciprocal determinism
Interaction between person's behaviors, personal factors and enviornment are all determined by one another
973
Ex of social cognitive theory with meg the soccer player where cognition influences
Meg is interested in soccer -> cognition
She joins the soccer team -> change in environment
Makes friends wth soccer players on her team -> behavioral component
974
Ex of social cognitive theory with meg the soccer player where behavior influences
Meg spends a lot of time with soccer players -> behavior
This leads her to become intereseted in soccer -> cognition
So she joins the soccer team -> change in environment
975
Ex of social cognitive theory with meg the soccer player where environment influences
Meg joins the soccer team -> environment
This leads her to hang out with a lot of other soccer players -> behvaior
This leads her to become interested in soccer -> cognition
976
Who developed social cognitive theory
Bandura
| -Observational learning
977
Learned helplessness def
Uncontrollable bad events can lead to a perceived lack of control
-Leads to general helpless behvaior
978
Tyranny of choice
Too many choices negatively impacts cognition and behavior
- Can result in info overload and decision paralysis
- Inc regret over the choice made
979
Self-control def
Ability to control impulses and delay gratification
- Can delay natural desires'
- Focusing on long term goals and putting off shorter ones
980
When do natural desires become bad
When they become a temptation and conflict with values or long term goals
981
Ego depletion def
Self-control is a limited resource
- It acn get used up and affect later tasks that need self control
- Person needs to rest before another self control task
982
How can self control be improved
1. Change environment
2. Operant conditioning
3. Classical conditioning
4. Deprivation
983
How does changing environment improve self control
Object of tempation is harder to get while making healthier options easier to get
984
How does Operant conditioning improve self control
Reinforcing good behaviors with rewards
985
How does deprivation improve self control
Removing the object of temptation completely
| -The least effective method
986
How does classical conditioning improve self control
Refocusing desires into something like long term goals
987
Habituation vs dishabituation
Habituation: Person tunes out stimulus gradually
Dishabituation: When previously habituated stimulus is removed
988
Sensitization def
Increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
989
Extinctive burst
When an animal no longer receives reinforcement, its original behavior sometimes spikes
-Usually when extinction procedure has just begun
990
Systematic desenzitization
Process that involves teaching client to replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation
991
When is systematic desensitization used
Usually for phobias
992
Who is associated with Systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
993
Counterconditioning def
Conditioning of an unwanted behvaior to a stimulus into a wanted behvaior by association of positive actions with the stimulus
-Unwanted response replaced with desired response
994
Which type of conditioning does extinction occur in
Both of them
| OPerant and classical
995
Aka for operant conditoning
Instrumental conditioning
996
Primary vs secondary reinforcers
```
Primary: innately satisfying/desirable
-Food, water sexual activity
Secondary: Need to be learned
-Req pairing/association with primary reinforcer for it to have value
-Money, cars, clothes
```
997
Token economy def
System of behvaior mod based on systematic reinforcement with reinforcers are tokens that can be exchanged for other reinofrcers
-Ex: getting tickets for prizes at scandia
998
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most effective
Variable ratio
999
Insight learning
```
Solving a problem using past skills
-Ex: using math skills in a previously learned class to solve a new problem
```
1000
Latent learning
Learned behavior not expressed until it is required
1001
What are the two types of aversive controls of operant conditioning
Avoidance and escape
1002
Escape behavior
Escaping an unpleasant stimulus once it has occurred
- Typically response would not occur without stimulus
- Usually learned via an aversive stimuli
1003
Ex of escape vs avoidance with the mouse and the electrical plate that shocks him
Mouse stanind on a metal platform, electric shock is administered, he jumps off -> escape
The instant the mouse begins to recognize that the metal island is even a potential source of electric shocks he stops stepping on it -> avoidance
1004
Avoidance behvaior
Signal given before aversive situation
- Behavior is to avoid situation
- Results in continued avoidance because its reinforced by removal of an undesirable stimuli
1005
Foraging def
Searching for food in environment
1006
Two main types of forgaing
Solitary and group
1007
Solitary foraging
Animal looks for food by itself
1008
Group foraging
Animals look for food in groups
| -Can lead to competition within group if food is scarce
1009
What drives foraging behviaors
Both genetics and learning from environment and other
1010
Autocommunication
Can give info to self
| -Ex: Bat uses echolocation to learn about environment
1011
Anthropomorphism
Attributing human characteristics to non-human animals
1012
Somatosensory communication
Communcation via touch and movement
| Ex: mating dances, body language, dogs perking their ears up
1013
Mating def
Pairing of opposite sex organisms for purpose of reproduction and propagation of genetic material
1014
Three types of mating
Random, assortive and disassortative
1015
Random mating def
All individuals equally likely to mate with each other
- Not influenced by environment or heredity or behvaioral/social limitation
- High genetic diversity
1016
Which type of mating does hardy weinberg equilibrium assume is present
Random
1017
Assortative mating
Non-random mating where individuals with certain phenotypes tend to mate with each other at higher freqs
1018
Results of assortative mating
In-breeding
| -Inc likelihood of harmful recessive traits being passed on to offspring
1019
Homogamy def
Tendency to mate with animals wth similar characteristics
| -Ex: big animals mate with other big animals
1020
Dis assortative mating
Individuals mate with those with different/diverse traits
1021
Inclusive fitness
Number of offspring an animal has, how they support them, how offsrping support each other
1022
Is inclusive fitness large or small scale
Large scale
| -Chances animal propagates survival for related animals and self
1023
Evolutionary game theory
Those with best fit to enviornment will survive and pass on to offspring the genes that will become more common in successive generations
1024
What factors are important for evolutionary game theory
Reproductino and environment
1025
What does evolutionary game theory predict
Availability or resources and social behvaior
| -Predicts the traits we expect to see in a population
1026
Important diff between general game theory and evolutionary game theory
These is no conscious intention in the players in evolutionary game theory
1027
Biiological basis of schizophrenia
Dec cerebral cortex in frontal and temporal
- These lobes are disorganized
- Abnormal activity in mesocorticolimbic pathway
1028
Biological basis of depression
Dec activity in frontal lobe
Inc activity in limbic structures
-Abnormal 5-HT and NE release and DA
-Abnormal neuroplasticity -> how brain changes in response to experiences
1029
Biological basis of Alzheimer's
Sig dec in size of brain tissue
- Dramatic dec in size of cerebrum
- Atrophy starts in temporal then spread to parietal and frontal
1. Loss of acetylcholinergic neurons in cerebrum
2. Inc Beta-amyloid plaques
3. Inc of neurofibrillary tangles -> clumps of tau inside neurons
1030
Biological basis of parkinson's
Substantia nigra in basal ganglia are not dark anymore
- Loss of DA neurons in striatum that substantia nigra projects to
- Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neurons that contain alpha synuclein clumps
1031
How does advanced parkinsons differ from regular parkinsons
More widespread neuronal loss and lewy body depositions
1032
Lewy body disease difference from parkinsons
More cognitive dysfunction but less motor abnormalities
1033
Norms def
Standards for what behaviors are acceptable
- Dictate how people should behave around a certain group of people
- Varies depending on location, culture and country
1034
How are norms reinforced
By sanctions
1035
Positive sanction vs negative saction
positive: reward for conforming to norms
Negative: punishment for violating norms
1036
Formal vs informal sanction
Officially recongized and reinforced
| -Informal: unoficially recongized and does not result in a specific punishment
1037
Formal norms vs informal norms
Written down
| INformal: understood but not precise and do not have specific punishments
1038
What are the four classifications of norms
Folkways, mores, laws, and taboos
1039
Folkways def
Mildest type of norm
| -Common rules, manners, that are supposed to be followed on a day to day basis
1040
Consequences of not following folkways
Usually none
| -No actual punishments
1041
Mores def
Norms based on some moral beliefs
| -Generally produce strong feelings
1042
A friend's pants are zipped down, you tell them to zip it up. What type of norm is this
A folkway
1043
Being untruthful elicits some source of strong response sometimes. What type of norm is this?
A more
1044
Consequences of not following mores
No serious consequences
| -Sometimes feel bad
1045
Laws def in context of norms
Norms still based on right and wrong but have more formal/consistent consequences
1046
Taboos def
Behvaiors completely forbidden/wrong in any circumstance
1047
Consequences of violating taboo
Consequences are far more extreme thana a more
| -OFten punishable by law and elicit severe disgust from community
1048
Incest and cannibalism are examples of violating which norm
Taboo
1049
Deviance def
When a norm is violated
| -Not necessarily negative
1050
Theory of differential association
Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others who violate norms and laws
-Learned via observation of others
1051
What is the result of differential association
The individual learns to reject norms and believes his deviant behvaior is his new norm
1052
Labelling theory
Behvaior is deviant if people have judged it and labelled it as deviant
- Deviance is determined by society not the individual
- Certain groups get labelled regardless of their behvaior and this leads them to match their behvaior with their label
1053
Primary deviance def
No big consequences
- Reaction to deviant behviaor is mild
- does not affect person's self esteem
- Individual can continue to act in some way without feeling immoral
1054
Secondary deviance def
More serious consequences
- Characterized by severe negative reaction that produces a stigmatizing label
- Results in more deviant behavior
1055
Strain theory
If pereson is blocked from attaining culturally accepted goal
- They may become frustrated and turn to deviance
- May take illegitimate ways to achieve success
1056
Why is collective behvaior not the same as group behaior
1 Time-limited and involves short term social interactions
- Groups stay together for longer periods of time
2. Collectives can be open while groups are usually exclusive
3. Collectives have loose norms
4. Collectives usually violate widely held social norms
- Can be destructive
5. Often driven by group dynamics like deindividuation
1057
What are the 3 types of collective behavior
Fads, mass hysteria and riots
1058
Fads def
Fleeting behavior becomes incredibly popular but fades very fast
-Influences large amount of people in short amount of time
1059
Mass hysteria def
Large number of people who experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at same time
- Spreads rapidly and reaches more people through rumors and fears
- Often spread by misinformation by media
1060
Epidemic hysteria def
| -AKA Mass psychogenic illness
when a large group of people belive they have some illness despite not being sick
1061
Riots def
Large groups of people engaging in dangerous behavior
- Very chaotic and destructive
- Laws violated indiscriminately
- Seen as colelctive act of defiance to a perceived issue
1062
What usually causes riots
Feelings of injustice or feelings that group has been ignored
1063
Difference between mobs and riots
Mobs target specific individuals or groups while riots are usually indiscriminate
1064
Attribution theory def
How we explain bevahiors of others around us
1065
Internal vs external attributions
```
Internal = dispositional: about the individual
External = situational: environmental factors
```
1066
Fundamental attribution error
Person assigns too much weight on dispositional rather than situational factors causing other person's behvaiors
1067
Factorsof the co-variation model
Consistency/time, distinctiveness/situation, people/consensus
1068
Consistency factor of the co-variation model
Relates to internal factors of attribution
1069
Distinctiveness of the co-variation model
Leads to external attribution
1070
Consensusof the co-variation model
Leads to attribution of external factors
1071
What deviations do cognitive biases cause
Deviations from standard of rationality or good judgement
1072
Actor observer bias
We are victims but other people are willful actors
- Personal behavior is situational
- Others behavior is dispositional
1073
Individualistic cultures success and failure attributions
Sucess atrributed to internal factors
| Failure attributed to external factors
1074
Collectivist Cultures success and failure attributions
Success attributed to external factors
| Failure attributed to internal factors
1075
SElf-serving bias
if we succeed, its dispositional
| If we fail, its situational
1076
Optimism bias
Belief that bad things happen to others but not us
1077
Stereotyping
Attributing a certain thought to group of individuals and overgeneralizing
1078
Pros and cons of stereotyping
Allos us to rapidly assess large amounts of social data but inaccurate
1079
Stereotype threat
Fear that one will be evaluated on a stereotyoe
| -Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy: behvaiors that affirm this stereotype
1080
Three components of prejudice
Cognition/stereotype: fundamental underlying thought
Affect: emotional component
Discrimination: capacity to carry out a behahior acting on this prejudice
1081
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Getting frustrated leads to prejudice
- Frustration turns into aggression
- This aggression is turned towards other people
1082
Relative deprivation
Upsurge of prejudice/discrimination when people are deprived of something they feel they are entitled to
- Discrepancy of what they are entitled to and what they get
- Leads to quick collective unrest and prejudice/discrimination
1083
Power social def
Ability to influence others and enact change
1084
Social class role in prejudice
SEts the stage because people want to maintain the differences between self and a lower class
1085
Just-world phenomenon
Good things happen to good people and vice versa
| -People get what they deserve
1086
Prestige
Glamour associated and based on occupation
1087
Stigma def
Extreme disapproval of person based on behavioral/quality of that person
1088
Social stigma
How vertain individuals/groups face social disapproval
| -Often associated with deviant behavior
1089
Self stigma
Individual internalizes negative stereotypes, prejudices and discrimnatory experiences
- Begin to feel rejected by society
- Starts to avoid intearcting with society
1090
Cocentric circles of stigma
Outer: Media: major source of stigma
Society: interactions between self and society
Family: Can be shunned or do the shunning of others
Self=core circle
-Interactions with other factors can lead to avoidance, denial, or no longer participating in society
1091
Primacy bias and recency bias of social interactions
Primacy: first impression
Recency: recent interactions weighed heavily and easier to remember
-Both very important in forming impressions on others
1092
Halo effect
Thought that people have inherently good/bad natures
| -Our overall first impression is positive so we start to analyze all aspects of a person based on that first impression
1093
What if first impression is negative for halo effect
devil/reverse halo effect
1094
How does just world hypothesis help people cope with society
Helps them rationalize their own good/bad fortune
1095
What do we do when we see the just world hypothesis being violated
Rational techniques: accepting reality or preventing this injustice from continuing to occur
Irrational techniques: Denial of situation or reinterpreting event
1096
Ethnography
Study of particular people and plases
| -Captures sense of place and people
1097
Ethnocentrism
Judging other people's cultures from position of own culture
- Can lead to culural prejudice
- Thinking that one's own culture is better
1098
Cultural relativism
Assessing another culture by its own standards rather than our own
- No absoulte rights or wrongs
- Each culture has its own standards and values
1099
Xenocentrism
Preferring another culture over own
1100
Cultural imperialism
Deliberate imposition of own cultural values on another culture
1101
Evolutionary approach of motivation
Role instincts play in motivation
1102
Drive reduction theory
Fulfilling a drive reduces needs
| -Need-drive balance maintains homeostasis
1103
Optimal arousal theory
People want to reach full arousal/alertness
| -Drive to get full arousal and natural high
1104
Freud's pleasure principle
Centered around the Id
- Discharging tension arising from internal needs
- Gaining pleasure and avoiding pain leads to immediate wish fulfillment
1105
Components of pleasure principle
Reflex actions: Relieve immediate drive -> sneezing
Primary processes: Metnal image of desired object
Wish fulfillment: obtaining image of desire
1106
Freud's reality principle
Operates on secondary processes
- Centered around the Ego
- Mediates demands of reality with desires of the Id
- Willing to make compromises and hold of on immediate fulfillment
1107
Superego theory of motivation
Internalization of cultural ideals and sanctions leads to focus on morals
- Tries to replace reality with moralit
- Strives for perfection
1108
Maslow's hierarchy of needs def
Needs must be fulfilled in bottom to top order
| -Basic needs are most fundaental and at bottom
1109
Mnemonic for Maslow's hierarchy of needs
```
Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit
Please: Physiological
Stop: Safety
Liking: Love
Stupid: Self-esteem
Shit: Self-actualization
```
1110
physiological level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Food, water, breathing, sleep
| -Basic needs of survival
1111
Safety level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Safety of employment, health, resources, property
| -Stability, security, protection, freedom from threats
1112
Love level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Need to belong
Acceptance from freinds/family
-Personal relationships
1113
Self-esteem level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Feeling confident, sense of achievement, recognition, competence of skill
1114
Self-actualization level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
One reaching their max potential
- Moral to own principles
- Mastered all other needs
1115
Incentive theory defheory
Rewards presented after actions with intention of causing certain behvaior to occur again
- Causes positive association and meaning toward a behavior
- Rewards must be obtainable for them to be motivating
1116
Who is associated with incentive theory
Skinnner -> operant conditioning of motivation
1117
Lateral hypothalamus function
Sends positive signal to start eating
1118
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Signals us to stop eating
1119
Hormones released when lateral and ventromedial hypohalmus are activated
Lateral: ghrelin
Ventro: leptin
1120
Master and johsnon sexual response cycle stages
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution/Refractory Period
1121
Prolactin function during sex
Related to sexual gratification
| -Relieving arousal after orgasm
1122
Endorphins function during sex
Produce feelings of euphoria and pleasure
| -Released post-orgasm
1123
Oxytocin function of sex
Released after orgasm
| -Facilitates bonds and feelings of connectedness between partners
1124
Mnemonic for components of attitude
ABC model
A: affective/emotional
B: Behavioral
C: Cognitive
1125
Theory of planned behvaior
WE consider our implications of our actions before we decide how to behave
-INtentions predict strength of behavior
1126
Components of theory of planned behavior
1. Attitudes towards a certain behavior
2. Subjective norms: what we think others will think
3. Perceived behavioral control: How easy we think it is to control our behavior
1127
Behavioral process model
An event triggers our attitude
| -Then our attitude and outside knowledge must work together to determine behvaior
1128
Prototype willingness model of behavior mnemonic
```
Behavior is combo of 6 things: Mi Paws
M: Models/prototyping
I: Intentions
P: Past behavior
A: Attitudes
W: willingness
S:Subjective norms
```
1129
Elaboration likelihood for persuation
Info can be processed by central or peripheral route
- Central = argument itself
- Peripheral = attractiveness/status of persuader
1130
Foot in door phenomenon
We have tendency to agree to small actions first
- Over time we comply with much larger actions
- Door is eventually pushed open over time
1131
Role playing effect on attitude
Our behaviors of playing certain roles influences atittudes over time
- What feels like acting/role playing becomes internalized
- Attitude changes as a result of behaviors associated with carrying out a role
1132
Effor justification
Tendency to attribute greater value to an outcome they had to put effort into acquiring/achieving
1133
Door in face technique
Persuaders asks a large request that will be turned down
| -Follws up witha. reasonable one that subject complies with
1134
4 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
1. Modify cognitions
2. Trivialization: Make one cognition less important
3. Addition: Adding more cognitions to make contradictions more comfortable
4. Denial: Denying the facts
1135
A smoker says that he doesn't like smoking that much when he finds out how unhealthy smoking is. How does this help alleviate his cognitive dissonance?
It modifies his cognitions
1136
A smoker says that the evidence supporting that smoking causes cancer is weak when he finds out how unhealthy smoking is. How does this help alleviate his cognitive dissonance?
This is trivialization of the evidence he has learned
1137
A smoker decides to start exercising more often. he says I'm too healthy to get cancer when he finds out how unhealthy smoking is. How does this help alleviate his cognitive dissonance?
This is addition, he is adding in more factors to help with his cognitive dissonance
1138
A smoker denies any evidence that smokers and cancer are linked when he finds out how unhealthy smoking is. How does this help alleviate his cognitive dissonance?
This is denial. Denying the cleraly stated facts helps him relieve his cognitive dissonance
1139
What are the 3 main components of external attribution
Consistency: Does the person usually behave this way
Distinctiveness: Does person behave differently in diff situations
Consensus: Do others behave similarly in this situation
1140
Dependency ratio
Age-based measure that takes people less than 14 y/o and older than 65 y/o and compares it to people ages 15-64
1141
Life course theory
Aging is a psychological/biological/social process that goes from birth to death
-Looks at developmental processes and other experiences during a person's life
1142
Age stratification theory
Age is a way of regulating behvaior of a generation
1143
Activity theory
Looks at how the older generation looks at themselves
- Certain activities or jobs are lost
- Social interactions from these lost activities need to be replaced to maintain wellbeing of these people
1144
Disengagement theory
Older adults and societes are separate because elderly become more self abosrbed as they age
- This separation allows for self reflection
- Elderly who still participate in society do not adjust well when they have to give up certain roles
1145
Continuity theory
People try to maintain basic structure throughout lives
- As age, people make decisions to preserve that basic structure
- Use this structure to adapt to changes of aging
- Older generations continue to adapt and societies must adapt with them
1146
Race def
Socially defined construct based on physical diff between groups of people
1147
Racial formation theory
SOcial/economic/political forces that results in racially constructed identities
-Only feature that really matters in US is skin color
1148
Ethnicity def
Socially defined construct based on shared language, religion, nationality, history
-Less statistically defined than race
1149
Ethnic minority def
Group that makes up less than half of total population and treated diff because of a certain characteristic
1150
Population transfer def
Group forcefully moved from a territory
1151
Inter-colonialism
Minorities segregated and exploited
1152
Assimilation
Minority group abosrbed into majority
| -Refers to cultural abosrption
1153
Pluralism relation to racial variation
Promotes ethnic and racial variation
1154
Functions and dysfunctions of immigration
Functional: Can alleviate labor shortages
Dys: Immigrants can be exploted by countries -> contributes to global inequalities
-Can cause problems when leaving/destabilizing home country
1155
SEx vs gender
Sex: is person XX or XY (can be intersex)
Gender: social contruction
-Cis, trans, agender, nonbinary etc
1156
Cis-gender
Same biological sex and gender identity
1157
Transgender
Biological sex and gender identity don't match
1158
Gender queer def
Neither male or female identity
1159
Agender
Rejecting gender categories
1160
Gender fluid
Moving across genders
1161
Third gender
A culture that recognizes non binary genders
1162
Gender schema theory
Explains how individuals should be gendered insociety
| -How sex linked charactersitics maintained or transmitted to other members of culture
1163
Gender script
What males or females are expected to do
1164
Urbanization def
Movement of people from rural ot urban areas
1165
Metropolis vs megalopolis
Metro: 500k people
Megalo: multiple metropolises
1166
Functionalist theory of cities
Cities have important functions
- Slice of culture and diverse populations witin cities
- They also host crime and other disruptions to society
1167
Conflict theory of cities
SOurce of inequality and act as entertainment center for wealthy
- Politcal/economic elite run city to inc personal resources while taking form the poor
- Diversity and social backgrounds inc conflict based on beliefs and values
1168
Symbolic interactionsim take on cities
People in cities have diff ways of looking at life
| -People have diff interactions and perspectives of urban life
1169
Cons of urbanization
Crowding: too little space or too many people or both
| -Less sense of belonging in a city than in a town
1170
Cosmopolites
People drawn to city due to cultural benefits or convenience
1171
Singles urbanization def
People drawn to city looking for jobs, partners or entertainment
1172
Deprived/trapped people urbanization def
People who can't afford to leave the city
1173
Ethnic villages urbanization def
Native culture brought here when people who lvie her immigrate
-Settle together with people of similar backgrounds and create a community that emulates hope
1174
Suburbanization
Movement away from cities to get a larger home
| -Have to commute for work
1175
Suburbs characteristics
They have their own economic centers and become independent of the city they border
1176
Urban decline
When people move out of city centers, the city falls into despair
-Buldings are abandoned, unemployment and crime rates rise, popoulation of city declines
1177
Exurbs
Beyond suburbs
| -Prosperous areas outside of city were people live and commut to city for work
1178
Urban renewal
Revamping of old parts of cities to become better
1179
Con of urban renewal
Can lead to gentrification
| -People are pushed out due to inc cost of property
1180
Gentrification def
When redone, targets wealthier community to inc property value
1181
Rural rebound
People getting sick of city and move back to rural areas
| -Often move to scenic rural areas
1182
Slum def
Heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing
-Lack reliable sanitation services and supply of clean water
1183
Ghettoes def
Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated due to social or economic inequities
1184
3 factors of population dynamics
1. Fertility
3. Migration
2: Mortality
1185
Fertility def
Natural ability of human beings to have babies
1186
Fecundity def
Potential reproductive capacity of a femal
1187
Migration def
Number of people moving permanently into or out of couuntries
1188
Mortality
Death dec in population
1189
HOw are fertility and mortality usually measured
Measured over 1 year per 1000 people
1190
Factors that inc population in a region
1. Birth rate
| 2. Immigration: Movement of persons into a country
1191
Factors that popualtion in a region
Death/emigration
1192
Four stages of population pyramid
1. Constructive period: low brith and death rates in population
- Fewer younger people
2. Expansive: high birth and death rates
3. Statoinary period
4. Contracting pyramid
1193
Net migration equation
(Immigration)-(Emigration)
1194
Growth rate equation
(People added to population - People removed)/Initial population
1195
Demographic transition model
Models the changes in a country's population
1196
Stage 1 of Demographic transition model
HIgh birth rates due to limited birth control
High death rates due to disease/poor nutrition
-Population remains stable
1197
Stage 2 Demographic transition model
Beginning of developing countries
- Population rises as death rat dec
- Availability of food
- Improvements in health/sanitation
- High birth rates remain constant
1198
Stage 3 Demographic transition model
Death rates continue to dec and birth rates also start to dec
- Population continues to grow
- birth rates fall because of increased contraception options
- Slower population expansion and higher life expectancy
- Death rates continues to drop because better healthcare
- Countires are more industrialized
1199
Stage 4 Demographic transition model
Population stabilizes
- Both birth and death rates are low and balance each other out
- Low birth rates due to more birth control and more women in workforce
1200
Stage 5 Demographic transition model
Never has occured but could either be population declines for two reasons
1. Resources run out so high mortality rate
2. Couples only want to have one child so much lower birth rate
- HIgher standard of living but population declines
