Psych Soc/Master Doc Flashcards
Bipolar disorder major characteristics
Characterized by extreme mood swings and energy levels
The 3 As of stress
Anger: type A: easily angered individuals, agressive, competitive
-Type B: easygoing
Anxiety: Amygdala: fears/phobias lead to perception of things as more fearful
Addiction: Coping mechanisms for stress can lead to addiction
World Systems Theory
Looks at world as a unit rather than individual countries
Where is the region associated with proprioception and kinesthesia located?
In central region of temporal lobe
Pheremones
Chemicals secreted by one animal
-Once bonded with chemoreceptors, compel/urge another animal to behave in a specific way
Gray vs White Matter
Gray: Most neuron somas -Inside of spinal cord -Outside of brain White: Myelinated axons -Outside of spinal cord -Inside of brain -Axons go down tracts of white matter
Contra lateral Control of brain
Left brain controls right body and right brain controls left body
-True for all senses
Substance induced vs substance use disorders
Induced: caused by substance
Use: drug causes impact of life
Optic disk
No rods or cones
-Blind spot of the eye
Hindbrain development
Divides into myencephalon and metencephalon
Myencephalon=medulla oblongata
Metencephalon=pons and cerebellum
Hypomania definition
Mild forms of mania: Lots of energy, creativity
-Does not always develop into mania
Material culture vs non material
Material: physical and technological aspects of daily lives -Food/houses Non-material: aka symbolic culture -Doesn't include physical objects -Ideas beliefs and values
Examples of rewards and punishments of exchange theory
Rewards: social approval, money, gifts, positive gestures
Punishments: negative gestures, disapproval, public humiliation
Oppression
Someone treated unjustly and encouraged to occupy gender based social roles
Shadowing
Experiment that studies selective attention by repeating things heard in one ear and ignoring those heard in the other
Economy institution types
Capitalism: private ownership of production with market economy based on supply and demand
Socialism: motivated by what benefits society as a whole
-Common ownership of production that focuses on human needs and economic demands
What are utricle and saccule sensitive to?
Sensitive to linear acceleration
-Balancing apparatus to determine one’s orientation in 3D space
How are different sizes of societies held together under functionalist viewpoint
Small societies: held together by similarities
-Once population starts to grow, people become specialized and less similar
Large: stay together when individuals become interdependent on each other in their different roles
Schizoid disorder
Emotionally detached in relationships and shows little emotion
What are the 6 univeresal emotions
FAHDSS F: Fear A Anger H Happiness D Disgust S Surprise S Sadness
Cultural natural selection
Certain behaviors in cultures have a greater chance of being passed onto the next generation
Peripher nation
Relatively weak gov
Influenced/dependent greatly on core countries and transnational corportaions
Economy focused on one activity like extracting raw material
High percentage of people are poor/uneducated
Strong upper class controls economy
Many inequalities
Main criticism of social constructionism
Doesn’t consider effect of natural phenomenon on society
-Strong constructionism has difficulty explaining phenomeno that don’t depend on human speech or actions
Two-point threshold
Min. distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin.
-Below threshold, two stimuli felt as one
Institutions sociology definition
Essential parts of society
-Impose structure on how individuals behave
Culture lag def
Culture takes time to catch up with tech innovations
-This results in social problems
What follows mania
Depressive episodes
Stimulants function
Excites CNS, more awake, more energy
-Inc gluc metabolism to brain
Physiological component of emotion
- Physical response to emotion
- Ex: surprised emotion -> inc HR and respirations begin
Good continuation
Elements that appear to follow in some pathway tend to be grouped together
- Perception of continuous patterns in stimuli instead of abrupt changes
- AKA principle of common fate
Cultural assimilation def
Interpretation and fusion of ethnic minorities into dominant culture
Location of each of the ossicles?
Malleus/hammer: affixed to tympanic membrane
Incus/Anvil: acted upon by malleus
Stapes/stirrup: Acted upon by incus
Daydreaming
More relaxed
Not as focused
Can also be self-induced via meditation
What are the effects on the metabolism from chronic stress
Glucagon and cortisol released during stress rxn could lead to excess gluc in blood and CAD
What are the types of abuse found in family institution
child, spouse, elder
Dominant hemisphere characteristics
Primarily analytic:
- Language, logic, math skills
- Language production and comprehension
Psychosocial factors causing depression
Learned helplessness -> powerlessness over environment
Cognitive distortions: trapped in negative thought pattern
Attribution: linking negative experiences with internal causes
-Will continue to occur in future
Co-rumination: having roommates with depression
Low SES status, child abuse, internalization of prejudice
Affects of sleep deprivation
Could become more irritable and have poorer memory and attention
-More susceptible to obesity and can increase risk of depression
Weber’s factors that moderate people’s reactions to inequality
Class, status/prestige, power
Syntax def
How words are put together in sentences
-Order that words ar eplaced together
Endogenous/internal cues
Req internal knowledge to understand and intention to follow the cue
-Driven by top down processing
Functionalism institutions vs social facts
Institutions: Structures that meet needs of society
Social facts: Ways of thinking and acting formed by society that existed before any one individual and long after any one individual is dead
Excessive autonomy def
Oping via social isolation
Low effort syndrome coping def
Coping responses of minority groups to attempt to fit in to dominant culture
-Minority starts to put less work in in response to dominant culture
What are the three factors that influence ability to multitask
Task similarity, task difficulty, practice
Somatosensory Cortex:
-Involved in receiving sensory signals from the skin Motor cortex (frontal) + Somatosensory cortex (parietal)
How can brain waves be measured for sleep patterns?
Electroencephalograms EEGs
Role of Diencephalon
Contains posterior pituitary which releases ADH and oxytocin
-Also contains pineal gland with regulates circadian rhythms via release of melatonin
What happens if the arcuate fasiculus is damaged
Conduction aphasia
-Difficulty to conduct between listening and speaking
Narcolepsy
Can’t help oneself from falling asleep
Endorphins
Natural painkillers produced by brain
Who is associated with the beavhiorist theory of language
BF skinner
Alcohol affects what part of brain?
Cerebellum
-Affects speech and balance
Magnocellular Cells
High temporal resolution
- Located in different section of lateral geniculate nucleus
- Primarily receives inputs from periphery of vision
- Low spatial resolution -> blurry but moving image of object
Anterior cingulate cortex
Higher order cognitive processes
- Impulse control and decision making
- Also connects to limbic system for roles in emotion/motivation
SOmatic symptom disorder characteristics
When mental disorders exacerbate or lead to own physical symptoms
- Can be any symptom like general fatigue
- May cause functional impairments
Anomia
Inability to name things
Similarity
Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
Social constructionism take on sociology
People actively shape their reality via social interactions and agreements
Enkephalins
Related to Endorphins and are similar to opiods
Parvocellular Cells
Located in lateral geniculate nucleus and perceives form
-Able to detect very fine detail but only with stationary or slow-moving object -> low temporal resolution
Delusions of grandeur
-Symptom of Schizo
-Belief that one is a famous or important figure
Ex: could also believe that one has superpowers
Piaget take on langauge
Children develop language to describe their thoughts
Where does Parkinson’s affect brain
Substantial nigra do not appear dark
- Loss of dopaminergic neurons that release DA
- Often includes Levy bodies with alpha synuclein clumped together
What are the effects on the reproductive system from chronic stress
Reproductive energy is shut down during stress rxn in women
- FSH/LH and then estrogen/progesterone inhibited
- Boys reduced testosterone during stress rxn but never to point of infertility
- Inc constriction of blood vessels leads to sexual dysfunction
Richard Lazarus theory of stress
Appraisal Theory
Cluster B
WILD
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Semi-periphery nations
Middle between the two other types
Not dominant in international trade but has diversified/developed economy
Primary appraisal of stress
- Can be seen as irrelevant -> stressful but unimportant
- Negative: stressor is actually threatening
- Positive: STressor is eliminated
Surrender maladaptive coping mechanism
Compliance/dependence: relies on others, dependent, avoids conflict, people pleasing
Apraphia def
Inability to write
Relation of intensity, vibration amplitude, and loudness of sounds
Louder sounds have greater intensity and an increased amplitude of vibration
-Direct relationship
Objectification
Someone is regarded as an object and treated as less important
Components of CNS
Brain and spinal cord
Do individuals need institutions?
Very reliant on institutions and community
Convergence
Brain detects angle between two eyes required to bring an object to focus
-Difference in the degree of convergence is used to perceive distance
Government institution characteristics
Has the power and authority to manage a country
-Can take form of democracies, dictatorships, communism, monarchy
What does loss of cholinergic neurons do?
Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease
How are the hemisphers of the brain oranized
Contralaterally: L visual field processed by R hemisphere
Practice factor of multitasking def
Activities well practced become automatic or occur without need for as much attention
- Whether task is automated or controlled is determined by amount of practice
- COntrolled tasks are harder and require more attention than automated tasks
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Two or more distinct personalities exist in a single body
-Both have influence on persons thoughts and behaviors
How are social phenomena explained via symbolic interactionism
In terms of meanings that they hold when people interact with each other
-Subjective: meanings people believe to be true
Why do multinational coroporations suck
They often exploit the workders in the host country and outsource can hurt the core country
- Free trade allows them to have autonomy
- Large influence on politics
What part of brain is excited with positive emotions
More activity in L hemisphere
-Sown with EEG scans
Modernization definition
More info available to public
-Leads to less emphasis on religion
What occurs if damage to both brocas and wernicke’s area
Global aphasia -> combo of both aphasias
Interactionist aproach of language
Biological and social factors interact ino rder for a cild to learn language
-Motivation to learn language is through a child’s deisre to interact with others
Fovea
Located inside the macula
- Contains only cones
- Best visual acuity at fovea
- Where inverted image is projected
Activist vs regressive/reactionary movements
Activists: change some aspect of society
Reactionary: resist change
Vgotsky take on language
Langauge and thought are independent
-They converge through development
-Children lean to use both at the same time via socialization
They devleop their language when they interacts with adults who already know language
Cluster A disorders
WEIRD
-Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Where is the somatosensory cortex found?
Parietal lobe
PTSD
Person has lingering memories/nightmares about past event that impact daily life
Relative derprivation theory of social movements def
Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy
Ex: Civil Rights MOvement
GABA function
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
- Stabilizes neural activity in brain
- Causes hyper polarization of postsynaptic membrane
Physiological zero
When an object feels neither cold nor warm
-Around 29-36 degC
brain waves associated with mediation?
- More alpha waves then light meditation
- Deep mediation has inc. theta waves
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex -> sound processing
- Wernicke’s area: language reception/comprehension
- Hippocampus: electrical stimulation induces memories
Lexical access
Identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning that was stored in LTM
Healthcare and medicine institution characteristics
Exist to keep people healthy
Elder abuse
Family isnt ready to take care of elders or expense of nursing homes
-Leads to abuse similar to that of child abuse
Theta Waves
4-7 Hz
Associated with drowsiness
-Right after falling
-Or when sleeping lightly
Cannon bard theory pnemonic
Straight out the cannon
-Both emotional and physiological response happen at same time
Eustachian tube function
Connects middle ear to nasal cavity and equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment
High culture def
Patterns of experiences/attitudes that exist in highest classes of soceity
-Associated with wealth and formality
Cocktail party effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice in a crowd
-Also ability to concentrate when someone calls your name amongst a crowd
Evolutionary Biology Theory of Dreaming
Threat simulation/preparation for the real world
- No purpose
- Could also be used to consolidate thoughts to long term meory and clean up thoughts
Resource mobilization theory of social movements
Looks at factors that help/hinder a social movement
-Says that they need money, polifical influence, strong organizational base to recruit members and a charismatic figure to unite members
What did Marx believe if significant economic inequality existed in society
Lower class would unite to create class consciousness and realize they’ve been exploited
- Lower class would overthrow the status quo
- Society where one group exploits another eventually leads to destruction
Delta waves
- 5-3 Hz
- Deep sleep or coma
Sleep spindles and K-complexes definitions
Sleep spindles: burst of rapid brain activity
K-complexes: Surpress cortical arousal
-Keep you asleep
-Sleep=based memory consolidation
Chain of events in treisman attenutaion theory
Stimuli -> sensory register -> attenuator -> perceptual process -> conscious
Manipulation/exploitation component of overcompensation def
Meeting own needs via covert manipulation, seduction or dishonesty
Subjective Contours
Perceiving contours and shapes that aren’t actually present in the stimulus
How is the somatosensory pathway affected by an injury to one side of the brain?
Usually there is damage to the other side
-This is bc all the somatosensory pathways cross to the other side
REM stage of sleep
Eyes move rapidly beneath eyelids but most other muscles are paralyzed
- Most dreaming during this stage
- Most important for memory consolidation
- Combo of alpha, beta and dysynchronous waves
- -Waves present are similar as when awake
Meditation
Training people to self-regulate attention and awareness
-Can be guided and focused or unfocused with mind wandering freely
How long does each stage of the sleep cycle last?
Each stage length depends on how long you’ve slept and by age
SEcondary appraisal of stress
Only occurs if primary appraisal is negative
-Evalutation of ability to cope with situation
Which photoreceptor is more functional at detecting fine details
Cones are more effective in detecting fine details
-Rods are too spread over a large area of the retina
Ecstasy/MDMA
Synthetic drug between stimulant and hallucinogen
- Inc. DA and 5-HT and euphoria and stim CNS (high BP, dehydration, overheating)
- Damages 5-HT neurons -> depression
- Hallucinations and heightened sensations
How many semicircular canals are there?
Three canals arranged perpendicularly to each other and swell in ampulla (X, Y and Z direction)
-Hair cells are located in the ampulla
Alpha waves
8-13 Hz
- Daydreaming state
- Disapperas when drowsy but reappears during deep sleep
What happens to hair cells when they reach the basilar membrane?
They sway back and forth within the endolymph
-Causes opening of ion channels -> receptor potential
Education institution characteristics
Fundamental institution
- Hidden curriculum: teaches how to treat others and internalize social inequalities
- Funding creates educational segregation/stratification
- -Funding based on district
Where does the pinna channel sound waves into?
External auditory canal
Power definiiton conflict theory
Person’s ability to get their way despite resistance of others
-Ability to influence social change
Interdependence of different sociological classes
Lower class depends on upper for payment Upper depends on lower for labor
Paul Broca
Behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
-Broca’s area -> speech production
Learned helplessness def
Learn from having no control of life to identify coping mechanisms that take less control over outcome in life
-Cycles downward into major depression
Who is associcated with the interactionist approach to language
Vgotsky
What somatosensors respond to deep pressure and texture?
Merkel cells
Acetylcholine in CNS
Linked to attention and arousal
-Used by para and sympathetic NS
Benzos mechanism
Enhances brain response to GABA and opens GABA-activated Cl- channels
- Neurons become more hyperpolarized
- Binds to GABAa receptors
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Satiety Center
-Signal to Stop eating
Manifest vs latent functions
Manifest: intended consequences of insitutions
-Schools educate people so they can get jobs
Latent: Indirect functions of institutions
-Unintended consequences: businesses connect people across society
Post-acute withdrawal common symptoms
Mood swings, anxiety, irritability, tired, low enthusiasm, sleep problems
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Characterized by obsessions and compulsions that persistently interfere with everyday life
Phobias
Irrational fear of specific object or situations
- Can be debilitating or can continue to have normal life
- Tend to form pattern -> fall under specific subtypes
Skeptical perspective
Considers globalization as regionalized
- 3rd world countries aren’t being integrated into the global economy wiht the same benefits as 1st world countries
- Current economy is not leading towards global capitalism
What would comparing twins raised together vs raised apart show?
Would isolate genetics while the environment would be different
Who created functionalism
Emilie Durkheim
Intramuscular route of drug admin
Needle into muscle
- Slower than injection
- Much faster than other route of drug admin
Brain activity during depression
Decreased activity in frontal lobe Increased activity in limbic structures Lower activity of reward circuits -Fewer NE and Serotonin receptors Decreased activation of prefrontal cortex
Concordance rates
likelihood that both twins exhibit same trait
Feature detectors
- Each feature detector cell type detects very particular, individual feature of an object
- Overall combination of feature detectors become activated in parallel
Pierre Flourens
Functions of major brain
-Performed ablutions/extirpations
Perceptual organization definition
Ability to create a complete picture or idea by combining top-down and bottom-up processing with all other sensory clues gathered from an object
Sleep
Not aware of self or world around you
Weber’s views on the collapse of capitalism
Did not believe that this collapse would happen
Covert orienting
Act of bringing spotlight of attention on an object/event with body/eye movement
Function of external auditory canal
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Adoption studies value
Compare similarites between biological relatives and adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and adopted child
Role of catecholamines
Play important roles in experience of emotions
Lexicon def
Set of vocab items
Symbolic interactionism definition
Focuses on small interactions between individuals
- Society is a buildup of everyday typical interactions
- Microlevel of social interactions
- Focuses on shared meaning estabished among individuals and small groups
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Conserves energy -> rest and digest
- Constricts pupils
- Stimulates flow of saliva
- Contracts bladder
- constricts bronchi
- Slows heartbeat
- Stimulates peristalsis and secretion
- Stimulates release of bile
- Secretes Acetylcholine
Advantage of conflict theory
Models drastic change in society
Society def
The way people organize themselves
-People who live toghetr in a specific geographic area and interact more with each than with outsiders
Anterior hypothalamus
Sexual behavior
-Sleep and body temp
Sleep walking/talking
Mostly genetic
- During stage 3 of sleep
- Harmless
- Most common in children
Duplicity theory of vision
Retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
-Light/dark detection and color detection
Two types of selective attention
exogenous/external cues and endogenous/internal cues
Cultural universals
All cultures have ways of dealing with certain situations
Hallucinogens effects
Distorted perceptions, heightened sensations, mood swings,
- Effects depend on who person is and who they’re with
- Dilates pupils
Sulci vs gyri
Sulci=folds
Gyri=bumps
Chain of events of early selection theory
Stimulus -> Sensory register -> selective filter -> perceptual processes -> cognition
Where does sound go after being converted into an electrical signal?
Carried to the CNS by the auditory nerve
Churches definition
Established religious bodies in a larger society
-Roman catholic church
Fictitious Disorder/Munchausen’s Syndrome
Patient wants to be sick -> falsify or disease their own signs
-May injure themselves or falsify tests
Task similiarty Ex
Listening to radio while writing a classical paper would be hard
-WOuld be much easier to listen to classical music while writing the classical paper
Amygdala
Defensive/aggresive behaviors like fear and rage
-Smell and emotions
Hyperreflexia
Increase in muscle stretch reflexes
-Bigger reflex produced when muscle spindle receptors are activated without periodic stimulation of LMNs by UMNs
What is contained in the bony labryinth?
bony labryinth = hollow region of temporal bone
- Contains: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
- Also contains collection of tubes and chambes called membranous labyrinth
Three sections of the ear
Outer, middle and inner ear
Exchange theory
Application of rational choice theory to social interactions
-Looks at society as series of interactions between individuals
Rational choice theory of social movements
People compare pros and cons of different courses of actions and choose the one they think is best for themselves
-These choice shape the pattern of behaviors in society
Dopamine function
Roles in movement and posture
Rational choice/exchange theory take on medicine institution
People run every aspect of medical system and those people in charge make decisions that benefit themselves more than a random sick stranger
- People avoid doctor if they think it won’t help
- Self-interested behavior of people in charge trickle down and affect well being of patients
Cornea
Thick structural layer on frontmost portion of the eye
-Has index of refraction of 1.4 -> most bending of light occurs in cornea
How do the cerebral hemispheres communicate?
Contralaterally: one side of brain commmunicates with the opposite side of the body
Lateral Hypothalamus
Hunger Center
- Special receptors that detect when body needs more fluids
- Triggers eating and drinking
Who is associated with the nativist perspective
Chromsky
Where does sound info go to after the vestibulocochlear nerve?
- Ascends to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
- Nerve fibers project to auditory cortex in temporal lobe for sound processing
- Some info sent to superior olive which localizes sound
Drowsiness
Just before falling asleep or just after waking up
-Also can be self-induced via meditation
Structural oppression focused feminist theory
Oppression and inequality due to capitalism, patriarchy and racism
- Direct parallel to conflic theory applied to feminism
- Women exploited similar to how working class exploited
- Linked to race, sexual orientation, age, disabiliity
- Men associated with the mind while women associated with their bodies
Who created symbolic interactionism
George herbert mead
Benzodiazepines function
Most common prescribed depressant
- Sleep aids, antianxiety, antiseizure
- Can be short/intermediate lasting for sleep
- Long lasting for anxiety
Ipsilateral vs contralateral
Ipsi: Communication with same side of body
Contra: opposite sides of body
Psychological withdrawal def
Copes via dissociation, numbness, denial, form of psychological escape
Feminist theory role of mass media
Mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology
-Depictions of men and women reinforce traditional sex roles
Paranoid disorder
Profound distrust and suspicion of other people
Generalized anxiety disorder definition
General state of tense and uneasiness -> influences life greatly
What theory of emotion is this
Man sees bee -> interprets situation as threatening and HR inc -> labels emotion (fear)
Schacter singer theory
Social coping def
Seeking social support
What is cochlea divided into?
Divided into three scalae
Membranous labyrinth functino
Contains receptors for sense of equil. and hearing
-Contains endolymph which is supended by perilymph
Functionalist view of gov/economy
Everyone required to have a responsibility once able
- Certain labors valued differently like those with specializations which are valued more
- Valuation of occupations creates inequality because not everyone has access to adequate resources
Hypertonia
Increased tone of skeletal muscles
- Increase muscle tension
- Reduce muscle stretch
Sclera
Thick structural layer that surrounds the eye
-Does not cover the frontmost portion
Pons
Above medulla
-Sensory/motor pathways between cortex and medulla
Social phobias
Fear of different social situations
-Harder to avoid than other traditional phobias
Hypnotism
Getting a person to relax and focus on breathing and become more susceptible to suggestion
-Only if they want to
Interneurons
Found between other neurons
- Most abundant of all neurons
- Predominantly brain/spinal cord and linked to reflexive behavior
What hearing apparatus is housed in the middle scala?
The organ of Corti: contains thousands of hair cells bathed in endolymph
-Rests on basilar membrane
How does the vestibule maintain balance
Contains otoliths -> modified hair cells that resits motion
-When they bend, they are stimulated and send a signal to the brain
Delusions of control
-Symptom of schizo
-Belief that one’s thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside forces
Ex: THoughts being broadcasted to others or implanted or stolen by CIA
General adaptation syndrome three stages of stress
- alarm phase: stresss rxn kicks in, preparation for fight or flight -> HR rises
- Resistance: Fleeing, temp inc. inc BP, inc breathing, cortisol release
- Exhaustion: sterss resources depleted, tissues damaged, dampened immunity
Posterior Chamber
Chamber behind lens and contains vitreous humor to support the retina
MRI
Magnetic field that interacts with H atoms to map out H use regions of body
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Delusions/hallucinations/agitation of schizophrenia arises from either too much dopamine or brain hypersensitivity to dopamine
Religious beliefs/faith practice of managing stress effects
Correlational with wealthier lifestyle and social support
Spinal Cord Function relation to somatosensory tracts
Carries info to the brain in the tracts
-Crosses other side immediately and goes to cerebrum
What NT dec when rewards pathway is activated
5-HT decreases
Progressive view of institutions
Institutions are artificial creations that need to be redesigned if they are no longer helpful
Feminist theory characteristics
Macro level, originates from conflict theory
- Focuses on stratifications/inequalities in society and women’s social roles in education, work and family
- Women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping
Neurotransmitter definition
Chemical used by neurons to send signals to other neurons
Antisocial disorder
Little or no regard for others
- Commit crimes and show no remorse
- Inconsiderate
Social withdrawal def
exagerrated focus on indpendence
Types of selections of exchange theory
Sexual selection: natural selection arising through preference for different sex over the same sex
Social selection: Idea that individual’s health can influence social mobility
Rewards pathway starting with VTA and ending with prefrontal cortex
VTA in midbrain -> amygdala -> hippocampus remembers environment -> nucleus accumbens controls motor function -> prefrontal cortex deals with attention
The four Fs of the hypothalamus
Fighting, flighting, feeding, fucking (sexual function)
Conservative view of institutions
Institutions are natural by-products of human nature
Schizotypal
Odd beliefs/magical thinking
Why does damage to substantia nigra cause parkinson’s
Substantia nigra is part of the basal ganglia
-Regulates free movements
What’s needed for a olfactory chemoreceptor to cause a signal?
chemical signal must first bind to their respective chemoreceptors
Excessive orderliness/obsessionality component of overcompensation def
Strict order and high level of predictability
-Devoting inordinate time to avoid negative outcomes
Choroid
Vascular portion of eye
-Provides eye with various nutrients and oxygen
Pnemonic for lazarus theory
LAzarus shares first two letters with LAbel
-Have to label before anything happens
What receptors detect smell?
Olfactory chemoreceptors located in olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity
Ex of periphery nations
Latin America or African countries
Spouse abuse
Physical or sociological and usually driven by men
- Typically caused by economic issues
- Can be controlling/limiting support network of victim to make difficult for victim to escape abuse
Parkinson’s cause in brain
Destruction of substantia nigra in the basal ganglia
Function of inferior colliculus
Involved in startle reflex and helps keep eyes fixed on a point while the head is turned (vestibo-ocular reflex)
What are the effects on the immune from chronic stress
Acute stress causes inflammation so overused immune system can activate autoimmune response
Acute withdrawal
Physical withdrawal symptoms
-Length of symptoms depends on person
Maladaptive coping def
Simple reduction of symptoms but maintaining and strengthening of disorder
-More effective in short term
-Interferes with ability to unlearn paired association between situation and symptoms
Ex: dissociations, avoidance, escape
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Subtype of schizophrenia that includes periods of dramatic reduction in activity -> catatonic stupor
Central sleep apnea
Problem with brain’s control system for ventilation
-Cheynes-Stokes Breathing: Crescnedo then decrescendo breathing followed by stop in breathing
Stage 2 of sleep
Deeper stage, harder to awaken, more theta waves
-Sleep spindles and K-complexes
Functionalism assumption of medicine
Assumes that people can’t participate in society when sick
-Medicine allows population to contribute longer to society by improving health and quality of life
Pragmatics def
Dependences of language on context and pre existing knowledge
Post-acute withdrawal type of symptoms
Fewer physical symptoms, more emotional/psychological symptoms
Damage to wernicke’s area leads to what
Wernicke’s aphasia/fluent/receptive aphasia
- Difficulty understanding spoken words
- Difficulty producing sentences that make sense -> prosody
Behaviorist theory of language
Children acquire language via operant conditioning
-Language is learned
Effects of antithesis in conflict theory
Antithesis leads to compromise
- Synthesis created: new state
- Synthesis becomes new thesis
- New cycle begins with new antithesis for new thesis eventually created
What pigment is contained in rods that allows it to detect all wavelengths of visible light?
Rhodopsin
Inhalation route of drug admin
Goes straight to the brain
-Less addictive than when injected
What factors increase the chances of addiction
Genetics, environment
Freud’s psycosexual stages of development pnemonic
Old Aged People Love Grandchildren Old: Oral Aged: Anal People: Phallic Love: Latent Grandchildren: genital
Beta waves characteristics
12-30 Hz
- Associated with awake/concentration
- If alert for to long, high levels of beta waves
Optic chiasm function
First, L half of visual field project onto R half of each eye’s retina and vice versa
-These signals overlap at the optic chiasm -> optic tracts
Ex: L half of visual field projects onto R half of retina and travels across optic chiasm to R half of brain
Subculture def
Culture of medium level sub commmunity that distinguishes itself from the larger/dominant culture
-Smaller than a nation but not large enough to support people throghout their entire lifespans
Status/prestige definition
Social honor or populatiry in society
-Political power not rooted in capital value but indidivual status as well
Stages of social movements
- Begins with a shared idea by few
- Incipient stage: public takes notice of situation they consider to be a problem
- People begin to oranize in a group and rise up
- Movement either succeeds in changing society or the movement is forced to adapt
- If successful, movement is absorbed into institutions once change is achieved
- If failed, leaves mark on society without enacting change
Ambient stressors def
Global stressors integrated into environment
-Perceivable, but hard to control
-Can negatively impact without aware of it
Ex: pollution, noise, crowding
What leads to globalization
Economic interdependence between countries
Advancements in communication tech
Illness experience definition
Process of being ill and how to cope with illness
-Stigmas associated with certain diseases can affect how others perceive you
Relative size
Idea that objects appear larger the closer they are
Theories behind REM and dreaming
Freud’s, activation/synthesis hypothesis, evolutionary biology hypothesis
Conversion Disorder:
Neurological symptoms incompatible with any known neuro/mental conditions
Frontal Lobe contains which two cortexes
Prefrontal and motor and Broca’s
Main critique of social interactionism
Does not ask macro level sociological questions
-Restricted to small interactions between individuals so not considered a full theory
Aggression component of overcompensation def
Counterattacks by defying blaming attacking others
Lingustic determinism def
Language influences thought
Macrosociology
Large scale perspective
-Big phenomena that affect big portion of population
Function of Lens
Located right behind iris and controls refraction of incoming light
-Convex/converging lens that focuses light rays on to retina
Top down processing
Driven by memories that allow brain to recognize whole object and then components based on these expectations
-Allos us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze its parts
What is aqueous humor secreted by?
Ciliary body
Why are some nuerons in primary motor cortex bigger than others?
Certain sets of muscles req. finer motor control so take up more space in cortex
-Does not necessarily mean that if they are bigger in cortex it relates to their size in the body
ICD-10
11 Top level categories
Neuropsychology definition
Study of functions and behvaiors associated with specific regions of the brain
Role of limbic system in emotion
Regulate emotions, store/retrieve memories that are tied with emotions
Self social construct definition
Identity of self created by interactions with other poeple and our reaction to other people
Insomnia
Persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
-Medications often lead to dependence and tolerance
Behavioral component of emotion
Emotion produces behavioral responses
-Body language or facial expression
Gate theory of pain
Special gating mechanism can turn pain signals on or off, affecting if we perceive pain or not
- Spinal cord can preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities to brain -> reduces pain sensation
- Not generally accepted theory
Appraisal Theory of stress
Stress arises from interpretation of stresses/events
Cluster C disorder
WORRIED
Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Passive-agressiveness/rebellion component of overcompensation def
Overtly compliant appearaance but punishes others covertly
Addictive propoerties of Meth
Highly addictive
-Long term addiction leads to losing ability to maintain normal DA levels
Overcompensation coping components
Agression Dominance Recognition-seeking Manipulation/exploitation Passive-aggressiveness Excessive orderliness/obsessionality
Treismans attenuation theory
Attenuator weakens but does not eliminate input of stimuli not focused on
- Some stuff that is not focused on is assigned a meaning but these stimuli are lower in priority
- Attenuated messsages are processed to greater extent than unattenuated messages
What do social movement need to be impactful?
Organization, leadership and the resources to gain momentum
Where are bipolar and ganglion cells found?
On top of rods and cones
-Info hits back of retina and info is transmitted forward
Neglect syndrome def
Damage to brain causes change/loss in capacity of spatial dimension of divided attention
Sensory Neurons
Afferent Neurons
-Transmits sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
Avoidant Disorder
Inhibited, feels inadequate, tries to avoid putting self in situation they can be criticized in
-Avoids most social situations
Limbic System
Loops around central portion of brain
-Associated with emotion and memory
semantics def
Association of a meaning with a word
John Dewey
More functionalism
Negative symptoms associated with Schizo
Lack of emotional expression, Lack of interest/enthusiasm, Seeming lack of interest in world, Speech difficulties and abnormalities
Gestalt principles definition
Set of rules that account for fact that brain tends to view incomplete stimuli in organized and patterned ways
Place theory
Accepted theory of sound perception
-Location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated
Binocular neurons
Comparing inputs to each hemisphere and detecting these differences
-Depth perception -> ability to discriminate 3-D shape of environment and judge distance of objects within it
Problem with late selection theory
It would take waay too long to perceive and assign meaning to anything
Where do sound waves first reach in the ear?
Pinna: Cartilaginous outside part of the ear
What process is used to facilitate binocular cues?
Retinal disparity: the slight difference in images projected onto two retinas
Stressor vs stress reaction
Stressor: threatening/challenging event
Stess rxn: Subsequential physical/emotional response
Ex of periphery nations
India and Brazil
Motion parallax
Perception that objects closer to us seem to move faster when we change our field of vision
Transdermal route of drug admin
Drug in patch has to be potent
-Admin show but over several hours
When are rods and cones most functional?
Cones are most effective in bright light and come in three forms -> Red, Green, Blue
Rods are most functional in reduced light
-Highly sensitive to all wavelengths of light
Exercise practice of managing stress effects
Regular exercise dec Cardiovascular problems
Somatosensory Tracts
Travels in different pathway
1. Position sense, vibration sense and finite touch
2. Pain, temperatures, gross (less precise) touch
Functions: Deliver info to spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex Breakdown
Outer surface of brain aka neocortex
- Divided into two cerebral hemispheres
- Surface divided into four lobes
How long does a traumatic event have to persist for it to be considered PTSD?
4 weeks after the event at least
Temporal Cortex
Sound, Wenicke’s area (speech comprehension)
How is sound transmitted through the cochlea?
Sound enters cochlea through the oval window and vibrates perilymph
- Transmitted to basilar membrane
- Round window permits perilymph to move within cochlea
- Hair cells in organ of Corti transduce physical stimulus into electrical signal
What are the 4 major types of stressors
SIgnificant life changes
catastrophic events
daily hassles
Ambient stressors
Aphasia def
Disorder that involves inability to problems iwth language
Amacrine and horizontal cells function
Receive input from retinal cells before info passed onto ganglion cells
- Accentuate slight differences between visual info in each bipolar cell
- In between bipolar and ganglion cells
Which type of culture tends to experience cultureal lag
Non material culture
-Material culture changes rapidly while symbolic culture tends to resist change
Mass society theory of social movement
Social movements only form for people seeking refuge from main society
- Skeptical about the groups involved in social movements
- Theory has not persisted
What structures play important roles in emotion
Limbic system: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
Brain waves associated with hypnotism
More alpha waves
-Similar to alpha waves of wakefulness but relaxed stage
Broadbent early selection theory
All info goes to sensory register then transferred to selective filter which identifies what should be focused on and filters out the other stuff
What are the five basic tastes?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami/savory
Cerebellum
Top of hindbrain
- Posture/balance
- Coordinates body movements
Panic attack definition
Sudden and intense
-IN response to situations not typically warranting this type of stress
Constancy
ABility to perceive characteristics of objects despite changes in environment
-Can be brightness, size and shape
Dependency theory
3rd world/periphery countries expoert resources to core/1st world countries because they have been integrated into world economy as an undeveloped country
- They don’t have the means to become developed
- Will remain poor/dependent
What connects broca’s to wernicke’s area
The arcuate fasiculus
Ex of cultural lag with cars
When cars were invented, there were no laws to govern driving
-Driving was super dangerous until symbolic culture adpated
Proactive coping def
Anticipation: reducing stress by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for this
Hyperventilation Disorder
Unable to ventilate lungs fully and remove all CO2
- Results in build up of CO2 and decrease in O2
- High CO2 could cause R sided heart failure
- Low O2 affects all tissues of body
What class of NT are Epi, Norepi, and DA
Catecholamines and monoamines
Repressed memories
Memories unconsciously blocked due to being associated with high/stress trauma
-May be able to be recovered years after event because of a stimulus
Parallel processing
Brain’s ability to analyze info regarding color, form, motion and depth simultaneously using independent pathways in the brain
Brain areas affected by REM sleep
Activity in the prefrontal cortex is dec. during REM sleep
Catastrophic events stressor
Large scale event that everyone considers threatening
Ex: Natural disasters or wars
Prefrontal Cortex
Executive function by supervising and directing operations of other brain regions
-Communicates with reticular formation in brainstem to regulate attention/alertness
Medulla Oblongata
Lower brain structure
-Vital functions: breathing, heart rate, digestion
Amphetamines/Meth effects
Release DA -> euphoria for up to 8 hours
- Once effects wear off: irritability, insomnia, seizures, depression
- Blocks reuptake DA -> inc release DA from pre-synaptic membrane
Freud theory of dreaming
Dreams are unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted
-Not scientifically supported
Change blindness
Failure to notice changes from previous to current state in environment
-Distinct form of in-attentional blindness
Cognitive component of emotion
Mental assessment of current situation
-Ex: enjoyment of surprise party
Why does color vision have greater sensitivity than black-and-white vision?
The number of cones converging onto an individual ganglion small is much less than rods
What happens if the norms of dominant society are violated
Counter culture: group with expectations that strongly disagree with the main values of society
Ex: mormons who believe in polygamy
Social construct definition
Concept that everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way because of inherent value
Withdrawal from caffeine
Irritability, difficulty concentrating, depression
Sympathetic nervous system
Antagonistic to parasympathetic Fight or Flight: -Increases heart rate -Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion -INcreases blood glucose concentration -Relaxes bronchi -Decreases digestion/peristalsis -Dilates eyes for max light intake -Stimulates sweating and inhibits salivation -Releases epinephrine into bloodstream
What in body controls circadian rhythms?
Controlled by melatonin produced in the pineal gland
Franz Gall
Behavior/intellect/personality linked to brain anatomy
-Supported feeling/measuring skull (phrenology) for brain analysis
Yerkes-Dodson Law
People perform best when moderately aroused
- Extreme emotional responses impact memory negatively
- Moderate emotions like mild fear associated with optimal memory recall
Where does Alzheimer’s affect the brain
Starts in temporal then spreads to parietal and frontal lobes
-Loss of neurons, plaques and tangles made of tau
Globalization def
Sharing of culture, money, and products bewteen countries due to international trade and advancements in transportation/communication
-People become more aware of cultutres across borders
What do circadian rhythms control?
Body temperature and sleep cycle
Lack of interest/enthusiasm schizo symptom
Problems with motivation and lack of self care
- Avolition: inability to initiate in goal-directed behavior
- No longer interested in going out with friends or in taking part of activities person used to have enthusiasm for
Occipital lobe
Very rear of brain
-Visual cortex
Secularization definition
Weakening of social and political power of religous orgs
-Religious involvement decline is the cause
Task difficulty def and ex
Harder tasks require more focus
- Texting while driving is a lot harder than talking while driving
- People have to turn the radio down when driving through an unfamiliar town
Reflex arcs
Interneurons
-Control reflexive behavior
Ex: Receptors in foot detect pain
-Pain signals transmitted by sensory neurons up to spinal cord
-Sensory neurons connect with interneurons that relay pain impulses to the brain
-INterneurons in spinal cord send signals to muscles of legs leading to reflexive withdrawal of foot in pain and transfer of weight to the other foot
-This reflex occurs before the brain can send out a signal via motor neurons
Macula
Central section of retina
-High concentration of cones
Cross tolerance definition
Reduction of efficacy/responsiveness to novel drug due to similar CNS target as previously used drugs
Bottom-Up processing
Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection
-Brain takes individual stimuli and combines them together to create cohesive image
Form
Both shape and our ability to discriminate an object from background by detecting its boundaries
Class definition
Person’s economic position in society
- Based on birth and individual achievement
- Differs from Marx because he did not thing this caused stratification
Conflict theory role of mass media
Media portrays/exacerbates divisions in society
- Gatekeeping: small number of people control hat info is released by the media
- Keeps white males wealthy
Types of appraisals for secondary appraisal
- Harm: what damage has been caused already
- Threat: How much damage could be caused
- Challenge: How can situation be overcomed/conquered
Schizo hallucinations
Positive symptom
-Sensory preceptors without stimuli -> auditory/visual
Examples of macrosociology
Whole civilizations/organizations
- Patterns and affects big pictures has on lives of small groups or individuals
- Poverty, war, healthcare, world economy
Sleep apnea
- Stop breathing while asleep
- Don’t get enough stage 3 deep sleep
- Snoring and fatigue in morning
Orienting attention
Capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another
-Modulated by acetylcholine in basal forebrain
4 main points of culture
- People share in society: all people share culture with others in their society
- Provide expectations and rules for carrying out rituals and interactions - Culture is adaptive -> changes constantly
- Culture builds on itself: societies build on exisiting cultures to adapt
- Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next
Feminist theory take on medicine institution
Medicine is male-dominated field
-Dispairties in job/salary in medical field
Physical and emotional components of depression
SWIG E CAPS S:uicidal thoughts: lower self-esteem W:eight gain/loss I:nterests decreased -> lack of interest = anhedonia G:uilt E:nervy decreased -> Lethargy C:once traction dec. -> trouble with decision making A:petite disturbance P:sychomotor changes/symptoms S:leep disturbances
Coping practice of managing stress effects
Expanding conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems
- Seeks to minimize stress/conflict
- Partly controlled by personality partly by social environment
Hippocampus
Learning and memory processes
- Consolidates info to form long-term memories
- Redistributes remote memories to cerebral cortex
- Communicates with other portions of limbic system
Thalamus
Within Forebrain -> relay station for incoming sensory info except smell
-Sorts and transmits impulses to certain areas of cortex
How does cultural diffusion occur
Via exploration, phone technology, military conquest, tourism
What do the different types of feminist theories focus on
- gender differences
- gender inequality
- gender oppression
- structural oppression
Subjective contours
Perceiving contours and shapes that aren’t actually present in the stimulus
Seeming lack of interest in world schizo symptom
Apparent unawareness of environment -> social withdrawal
What theory of emotion is this
Man sees bee -> appraises event as dangerous -> starts sweating and gets scared at same time
Lazarus theory
Weak linguistic determinism
Basically linguistic relativism
- Differences in language between cultures influence thought
- Lagnuage does not determin the context of everyday interactions
What type of MCAT drug has been used to treat PTSD
Hallucinogens: allows people to access painful memories and detach from strong emotions and come to terms with it
Monocular cues definition
Only require one eye
-Includes interposition, relative size, linear perspective, motion parallax
Directed attention def
Attention focused sustainably on a single task
Difference between emotions and moods
-Emotions are temporary, vary in intensity, can be voluntary and are more specific than moods
Lack of emotional expression schizo symptom
Affective flattening: reduction of range/intensity of emotional expression and inability to interpret/use appropriate body language
Perilymph Function
Transmits vibrations from outside world and cushions inner ear structure
How to perform experimental methodology of the brain on animals?
Brain lesions on animals
-Can define precise lesions -> electrodes can induce lesions
What are the three components of emotions
Phsyiological, cognitive, behavioral
Sects
Smaller and established in protest of established church
-Break away from other churches
Puprose of folding and bumps of brain
More surface area
Compulsive stimulation seeking def
seeks excitement/distraction via compulsive shopping
Functionalism definition
System of thinking that looks at society from macro perspective and how each part keeps society headed towards equilibrium
-AKA structural functionalism
Broca’s Area
Speech production
-Found in dominant hemisphere usually L hemisphere
Family institution characteristics
Defined by many forms of kinship: marriage, blood, adoption
-Different family values affect disposition of individual
Executive attention def
Goal-directed behavior, monitoring conflicts between internal process and anticipating the effects of behvaior
Gender inequality focused feminist theory
Our society is a patriarchy where men govern as heads of families governments and communities
- Married women have higher stress levels than men
- Married women have less influence in public sphere
- Married women have to focus on private sphere at home
- Gender division of labor: men occupy higher paying jobs and more prestigious positions
Where does the info focused on in early selection theory go?
Moves to perceptual processes which assign meaning to words
-Then moves to other cognitive processes and decides on how to respond
Serotonin role
Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
Marriage implications on family institution
Marriage creates new families typically
-Violence can come in times of hardship in terms of abuse
CT/CAT scan
Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by computer to produce cross-sectional images of tissue
Morphology def
Structure of words
-distinction by the building blocks of words
Pnemonic for Mania
DIGFAST D:istractibility I:Insomnia G: Grandiose thoughts F: fleeting thoughts A: Agitation S: Speech is pressured T: Thoughtlessness/risky behavior
James lange theory of emotion
Emotional experience due to perception of physiological responses
-Event -> physiological response -> interpretation of response -> emotion
Midbrain
Receives sensory info and motor information from rest of body
-Involuntary reflex response triggered by visual/auditory stimuli
Superior colliculi: visual sensory input
Inferior colliculi: auditory sensory info
Significant life changes stressor def
Changes in personal life
Ex: death of loved one, loss of job, leaving home
Strong linguistic determinism
Language determines thought completely
- People understand the world through language
- Lingustic structure determines how an individual thinks
Consciousness definition
Awareness of self and environment
- Ranges from alertness to sleep
- States can be induced or natural
Vigilance/signal detection
Allows responses to be primed and quick action to be taken in response to a signal
Withdrawal nicotine
More addictive, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, distractability
Acetylcholine in PNS
Transmits nerve impulses to muscles
Addictive self-reporting
: avoids via addiction involving body
Somatic Nervous System function/composition
Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints and muscles
- Sensory neurons send info from Afferent fibers to CNS
- Motor impulses travel from CNS back to body via efferent fibers
What are the two muscles of the iris?
Dilator and constrictor pupillae
Function of the eye
Transforms light into photons
What somatosensors respond to pain and temperature?
Free nerve endings
What queues circadian rhythms?
Daylight is a big queue
Motor Neurons
Efferent Neurons
-Transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
4 types of waves measuring consciousness
Beta, alpha, delta, theta
Divided attention def
Attention is. alimited resource and can’t be split very well
-Divided attention occurs when someone must perform two tasks at the same time
Canal of Schlemm function
Drains aqueous humor from the anterior cavity
Adaptive value
Extent that trait of behavior positively benefits species by inc evolutionary fitness of species
Lazarus Theory of emotion
Experience of emotion depends on how situation is labelled
-Event is same and depends on label so could produce different emotions
Event -> label -> emotion and physiological response
Alcohol function
Dec inhibitions, lack of coordination, REM disruptions
-Inhibits cerebellum
Functionalism relation to medicine institution
Asks what is the purpose fo medicine in society
-When people become ill, medicine ensures that they return to being functional to society
What are the names for the adaptive coping mechanisms
Positive coping or constructive coping
Social epidemiology definition
Looks at health disparities through social indicators like race, gender, income distribution and how these factors affect health
-Looks at patterns of disease in populations as a result of these factors
Barbituates
Induce sleep, reduce anxiety, depress CNS, anesthesial/anticonvulsant
-Negative side effects: reduced memory, judgement and concentration
Function and location of primary motor cortex
Located on precentral gyrus
- Initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles
- Neurons arranged systematically coordinating to parts of body
Hippocampus and frontal cortex effects of stress
Both are atrophied
- Anterior cingulate in frontal cortex stops responding to 5-HT
- Impairment of frontal cortex leads to impaired judgement and inc likelihood of poor coping mechanisms
Microsociology
Face to face interactions, families, schools, social interactions
- Interpretive analysis of society
- How individuals interact affects larger groups in society
Peptide NTs
Neuromodulators involve more complicated chain of events in postsynaptic cell than regular NTs
-Relatively slow and longer effects than NTs
Social movements def
When group comes together with a shared idea
-Can create lasting effects by encourgaing/resisting change in society
Basic principle of exchange theory
Behavior of individual in an interaction is dtermined by comparing rewards and punishments
Nondominant hemisphere characteristics
Intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
- Simultaneously processes stimuli and assembles them into holistic images
- Less prominent role in language
Function of cerebral cortex bumps
Increase cellular mass/surface area
Who is associated with linguistic determinism
The sapir whorfian hypothesis
Depressants function
Lower body’s basic functions and neural avtivity
- Lowers CNS activity
- Vasodilates at low concentration and vasoconstricts at high concentration
Gender difference focused feminist theory
Society creates and passes down norms and expectations of gender throughout generations
- System of reward and punishment created for these expectations
- Examins how women’s position in social situations differ from that of men
- Women marginalized/confined to lower limit in society
- Women objectified as social instruments
What do imbalances of Dopamine do?
Plays role in schizophrenia
PTSD Pnemonic for symptoms
TRAUMA T: Traumatic event R: Re-experience A: Avoidance U: Unable to function M: MOnth or more of symptoms A: Arousal increased
Damage to prefrontal cortex leads to
Impairment of the supervisory functions it has
Overt orienting
Turning alll or part of body to alter/maximize sensory impact of an event
Closure
When space is enclosed by a contour, space tends to be perceived as a complete figure
-Perceived as more complete than they really are
Basal Ganglia function
Coordinates muscle movements
-Makes movements smooth and refined
Extensor Plantar Response
If you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor (toes will come down on object)
-With extensor, toes extend up
Normative culture def
Refers to the values and behaviors in line with larger societal norms
Does feminist theory strive to eliminate men/elevate women above them
Doesn’t want to replace men, just points out inequalities that exist between them due to institutions of society
Stage 3 of sleep
Slow wave sleep -> delta waves
- Very difficult to awaken
- Sleepwalking/talking
- Declarative memory consolidation
Attentional capture def
Attention attracted by motion of an object/stimulus
Nociceptors
Pain perception of somatosensory system
What bones are housed in the middle ear?
Ossicles
Malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup
Damage to broca’s area
Leads to broca’s aphasia
- Non-fluent aphasia
- Leads to apraxia: problems with producing speech
Stages of appraisal theory of stress
Primary and secondary appraisal
3 main assumptions of rational choice theory
- Completeness: every action can be ranked
- Transitivity: if A is preferable to B and B is preferable to C then A is preferable to C -> transitive property
- Independence of irrelevant alternatives: if a 4th option won’t change order of how other things are ranked, just add it to the existing order
How long does post-acute withdrawal last
Could be up to 2 years
-Can trigger relapse
Pragnanz law
Governing law of gestalt principles
-Perceptual organization will always be regular simple and symmetric if possible
Alzheimer’s characteristics
Loss of cognitive functions and memory
-Eventually loss of basic activities of daily life
-Brain tissue significantly atrophied
—Most dramatic in cerebrum
Popular culture
patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society
What are the effects on the heart from chronic stress
Increased BP -> muscle inc and more rigidity in heart
-HTN, vascular disease, CAD
Depression psychological definition
Feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in activities
Bipolar I vs Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar I: Hypomania becomes manic with or without major depressive disorder
Bipolar II: when hypomania persists and major depressive epsiodes
What theory of emotion is this
Sees bee -> HR inc, starts sweating -> interprets this physical response as emotion (fear)
James lange
How long to post-acute withdrawal episodes last
Usually for a few days
Olfactory pathway in brain
Odor molecules inhaled into nasal passages
- Contact olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium
- Send signals to olfactory bulb
- Signals relayed via olfactory tract to higher regions of brain -> limbic system
How many stages does brain go through during sleep?
4 main stages
- First three are NREM, last one is REM
- Stage 1, 2 and 3 and then REM stage
Glycine function
Inhibitory NT in CNA
- Inc flux of Cl- into neuron
- Excess Cl- hyperpolarizes postsynaptic membrane
What type of acceleration is vestibule sensitive to? Semicircular canals?
Vestibule: linear acceleration
Semicircular canals: rotational acceleration
Phonology def
Actual sound of language
-Distinction between sounds
Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
Antero: Not being able to establish new memories
-Memories prior to brain injury still intact
Retro: memory loss of events prior to brain injury
-Still able to make new memories after injury
Injection route of drug admin
Most direct route of drug admin
- Right to vein -> absorbed within seconds
- Dangerous if dirty needle
Uses of hypnosis
Can be used to retrive memories but can create false memories
Anterior cavity
Front cavity of eye filled with aqueous humor
-Humor maintains pressure in this part of eye
Kinesthetic sense
Ability to perceive extent, direction and weight of movement
In-attentional blindness aka
perceptual blindness
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle
- Ex: Foot goes involuntarily up and down
- Caused by hyperreflexia bc if foot is pulled, antagonist muscles triggered
How do humans generate meaning in symbolic interactionism
Language allows humans to generate meaning through interactions
-Humans modify meanings via thought processes
Religion institution characteristics
Can range from private beliefts to institutionalized religion to celebrating certain holidays
Meso level of culture
Population between micro and macro levels
-Communities, cities, tribes
Parietal Lobe components
Somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation
Dominance component of overcompensation def
Excessive self assertion
-Controls others by direct reasons to accomplish goals
Histrionic disorder
Attention seeking
- Display emotions outwardly
- Bright clothes
Can one recover from any of the aphasias
It is possible by creating new connections between neurons via neural/synaptic plasticity
Ex of failed social movement that led to change eventually
MLK movement fialed but led to the civil rights movement
Occipital Lobe
Vision, striated
