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Physics/Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a multiplet

A

A peak with more than four splits

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2
Q

Dielectric mateiral in circuit capacitors effect

A
  • When dielectric material ini circuit still connected to voltage source, charge on capacitor inc
  • Voltage remains constant because of voltage source
  • Capacitance inc by factor of dielectric constant
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3
Q

UV spectroscopy methods

A
  1. UV light passed through a sample

- Absorbance is read

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4
Q

HOMO vs LUMO

A

Easily excited and can absorb longer wavelengths with lower energy
HOMO: Highest occupied molecule orbitals
LUMO: Lowerst unoccupied molecular orbital

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5
Q

HClO

A

Hypochlorous acid

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6
Q

What is an extraction

A

Transfer of a dissolved compound from a starting solvent into a solvent with a much more soluble product

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7
Q

How to calculate amount of splitting for distinct protons

A

Frequency of protons near the proton of interest + 1

-Ex: A proton has two protons in its proximity so triplet

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8
Q

H3PO4

A

Phosphoric Acid

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9
Q

What vectors make up Electromagnetic waves

A

Oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors perpendicular to direction of propagation

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10
Q

For single slit interferences what is the equation for location of drak fringes

A 
asinθ = n(wavelength)
-a= width of slit
n= interger indicating number of fringes
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11
Q

What is the critical angle

A

The angle at which if you exceed this angle, light is internally refracted and cannot escape the medium

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12
Q

Nodes vs Antinodes for pipes

A

Open at both ends: antinodes at each open end

Open at one end: node at closed end

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13
Q

H2CO3

A

Carbonic Acid

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14
Q

magnification equation

A

m = (-di)/(do)

m=(hi)/ho

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15
Q

Change in parent nucleus in electron capture

A

Atomic number dec by 1 but mass is same

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16
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

Ratio of magnitudes of force exertion/by an object by by a simple machine to the force actually applied on the simple machine

Fout/Fin

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17
Q

Amplitude

A

Max magnitude of displacement in a wave

-Only look at either crest or trough height, not both

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18
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

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19
Q

Potential Energy definition

A

Energy associated with a given object’s position in space or other intrinsic qualities of the system
-The potential to do work

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20
Q

HClO4

A

Perchloric acid

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21
Q

What is current def

A

flow of charge between two points at different electric potentials connected by a conductor

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22
Q

Translational motion/equilibrium

A

Translational motion: occurs when forces cause an object to move without any rotation.

Translational equilibrium: Exists only when vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object is equal to zero
-An object in translational equilibrium will have constant velocity (constant speed and direction)

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23
Q

Capacitor def

A

Can hold charge at a particular voltage

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24
Q

Weak nuclear force def

A

Contributes to stability of nucleus

-Not nearly as strong as strong nuclear force

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25
Q

Ether C-O IR freq

A

1050-1150

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26
Q

Electrolytic cells emf

A

negative so nonspont.

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27
Q

E-field magnitude when given test charge value

A

Fe/q

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28
Q

Beta minus decay process

A

Neutron conveted into a proton and beta minus particle emitted

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29
Q

What is capacitance measured in

A

Farads

1 F = 1 Coloumb/Volt

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30
Q

N-H peak IR freq

A

3100-3500 sharp peak

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31
Q

Permeability of free space constant

A

Mo = permeability of free space

=4pi10^-7 Tm/A

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32
Q

NO3-

A

Nitrate

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33
Q

Function fo chromatography

A

Separate and identify compounds from a complex mixture by their physica;/chemical properties

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34
Q

As more resitors are added what happens to total resistance for both parallel and series resitors

A

For in series: more resistors = more resistance

For in parallel: more resistors = less resistance

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35
Q

In electrochemical cells, where do electrons travel from and where do they go

A

In all electrochemical cels, movement of e- is from anode to cathode

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36
Q

1st 2nd and 3rd harmonics for open pipe wavelenghts

A

1st: wavelength = 2L
2nd: L
3rd: 2/3L

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37
Q

If m is positive/negative what does this say about the image projected from the mirror?

A

Pos: image is upright
Neg: Image is inverted

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38
Q

Fractional distillation Advantages

A

Used to separate liquids with similar boiling points less than 25 degC apart

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39
Q

Wnon conservative

A

When nonconvservative forces are present, total ME is not conserved

Wnonconservative = deltaE = deltaU + deltaK

Nonconservative forces are path dependent
-The longer the distance traveled, the more energy dissipated

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40
Q

Is a convex mirror converging or diverging

A

Diverging

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41
Q

Period

A

Number of seconds per cycle

T = (1/f)
-Inverse of frequency

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42
Q

Traveling Wave

A

Moving wave that propagates towards the fixed end

-If free end of stick keeps moving up and down, two waves result and interfere with each other

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43
Q

How do electrolytic cells differ from galvanic

A

emf opposite

  • Need an external voltage source to drive decomposition of compounds
  • Redox rxns don’t need to be separated
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44
Q

H2CrO4

A

Chromic Acid

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45
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from crest to crest of next wave

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46
Q

Equation for power of a lens

A

P=1/f

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47
Q

Doppler Effect Equation

A

f’ = f[(V+- Vd)/(V-+Vs)]

Upper sign: + if detector moving towards other object
minus if detector moving away from other object

Lower sign: minus if source of sound moving towards other object
+ if source moving away from object

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48
Q

What happens to the excess energy of an incident photon above threshold freq that colides with a metal atom

A

It is converted into Kinetic energy in the ejected e-

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49
Q

Ammeter function

A

MEasures current at some point within a current

-Circuit has to be on or else V=0 A

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50
Q

When does proton deshielding occur

A

When a proton is bonded to a highly EN atom that pulls e- density away from the porton

  • Proton cannot shield istelf from the applied magnetic field
  • Has a reading further downfield
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51
Q

Is n=1 a mean light travels slower than n=1..4 for index of refraction

A

1 is faster

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52
Q

E-field magnitude when given stationary source charge value

A

kQ/r^2

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53
Q

What are the three principla rays of lenses

A
  1. A ray that is parallel to the optical axis will bend such that it passes through the focal point on the other side
  2. If a ray passes through the focal point and then hits the lens, it will come out parallel to the optical axis
  3. If a ray passes through the center of the lens, it won’t bend
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54
Q

Power of multiple lens equation

A

P=P1 + P2 + … + Pn

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55
Q

H3BO3

A

Boric Acid

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56
Q

Isovolumetric/Isochocric

A

Constant volume

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57
Q

Electromotive force measured in?

A

Volts

1 V = 1 J/coloumb

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58
Q

What are insulators

A

DO not easily distribute a charge over its surface and will not transfer that charge to another neutral object

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59
Q

Steps of an extraction

A
  1. Two solvents mixed togehter
    - Two layers: aqueous/mobile phase and organic phase
  2. Separatory funnel used to isolate two phases
    - Denser layer sinks to bottom and removed
    - Usually organic layer is on top but depends on densities
  3. Bottom layer is drained multiple times for extraction
  4. Solvent evaporated once desired product is isolated
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60
Q

NO2-

A

Nitrite

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61
Q

Capacitors in parallel eq

A

Cp = C1 + C2 + … + Cn

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62
Q

Reverse phase chromatography distinction from TLC

A

Stationary phase is nonploar

-This means polar molecules move up plate quicker

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63
Q

Simple Distillation steps

A
  1. Liquid with lower boiling point vaporizes first
    - Vapors rise up distillation column
  2. Vapors condense in water-cooled condenser
  3. End product is distillate
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64
Q

Galvanic cells standard reduction potential

A

The electrode with the more positive Eo red is the cathode

-More negative Eo red is the anode

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65
Q

If anion ends in -ate, what does this mean

A

More oxygen

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66
Q

Dampening/Attenuation

A

When friction exists, decrease in amplitude of a wave is caused by an applied/non conservative force

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67
Q

CH3COOH

A

Acetic Acid

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68
Q

Right hand rule for direction of force between current and magnetic field

A
  1. Fingers in direction of current
  2. Wrap fingers to direction of magnetic field
  3. Thumb points in direction of force
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69
Q

Equation for law of reflection

A 
θ1 = θ2
θ1 = incident angle
θ2 = reflected angle
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70
Q

Alpha decay what is emitted

A

Emits alpha particle
4
He Nucleus
2

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71
Q

How is a mirror image real?

A

If light actually converges at the position of the image

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72
Q

IR spectroscopy measures ?

A

Measures molecular vibrations

-Infrared light passed through a sample and absorbance measured

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73
Q

Electrolytic conductivity

A

Conductivity of solutions

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74
Q

deltaG for galvanic cells

A

deltaG < 0 -> rxn is spont.

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75
Q

CrO4 (2-)

A

Chromate

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76
Q

Relationship between radius of curvature and focal point

A

f = r/2

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77
Q

Current equation

A

I = Q/deltat

t=time

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78
Q

TLC components

A

Mobile phase: thin layer of silica gel/alumina

Paper: medium is paper composed of cellulose

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79
Q

Sp3 hybridized C’s ppm Proton NMR

A

0-3.0

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80
Q

Anode cathode pnemonic

A

RED CAT AN OX
reduction = cathode
oxidation = anode

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81
Q

Snell’s law equation

A

n1 sinθ1 = n2sinθ2

  • Both 1s refer to medium light is coming from
  • Both 2s refer to medium light is entering
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82
Q

Whathappens if more than one neutron is released in fission

A

Causes chain reaction where nearly all atoms undergo fission

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83
Q

Lorentz forces def

A

Fb = qvBsin(theta)
B=mag of magnetic field
Theta= smallest anle between velocity vector and magnitude of mmagnetic force vector
v=magnitude of velocity

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84
Q

Displacement vs Distance

A

Displacement: when an object in motion changes its position in space
- Does not account for path taken

Distance: Considers the pathway taken and is scalar

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85
Q

HClO2

A

Chlorous acid

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86
Q

Forced Oscillation:

A

Periodic varying force applied to a system

Force frequency: frequency of force causing these forced oscillations
-Amplitude of oscillations at max

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87
Q

1st 3rd and 5th harmonics for closed pipe wavelengths

A

1st: wavelength = 4L
2nd: = (4/3)L
3rd: = (4/5)L

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88
Q

Convergence/Divergence relation to lens thickness?

A

If converging, thicker in center

If diverging, thinner in center

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89
Q

What are Newton’s three laws

A

1st: Fnet = ma = 0
2nd: Fnet = ma
3rd: F(AB)=-F(BA)

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90
Q

do vs di mirrors

A

do=distance between object and mirror

di =distance between image and mirror

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91
Q

Goal of filtration

A

Isolates a solid from a liquid

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92
Q

Vacuum distillation advantages

A

Allows to distill compounds with higher boiling points at lower temperatures without degrading product
-Can distill liquids with boiling points over 150 degC

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93
Q

Gravity Filtration

A

Solvent’s own weight pulls it through filter

-Used when product of interest is in filtrate

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94
Q

How is the direction of electric field determined?

A

Direction is given as direction that positive test charge mves in presence of source charge

  • If source positigve: repulsive force as test charge accelerates away from source charge
  • If source negative: acclerates toward source charge
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95
Q

Vaccuum filtration

A

Solvent forced through filter by vaccuum

-Used when solid is desired product

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96
Q

Location of center of curvature and radius for concave mirror

A

both are in front of mirror

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97
Q

Index of refraction equation

A

n = c/v

c=speed of light

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98
Q

What directions due electrons flow with respect to a current

A

From lower electric potential to higher electric potential

-Reduces electric potential energy

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99
Q

Frequency

A

f = number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second

-measured in Hz Hertz

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100
Q

Nernst eq significance

A

When electrochemical cells deviate from standard conditions

-Also used for concentration cells when concentration of ions is different

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101
Q

Steps of filtration

A
  1. Liquid-Solid mix poured onto paper filter
  2. Solvent passes through
    =Solid left on paper is called residue
  3. Filtrate is the liquid that passed through
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102
Q

If f is positive/negative what type of lens is this

A

Pos: convex/converging
Neg: diverging/concave

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103
Q

Aldehyde ppm Proton NMR

A

9-10

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104
Q

Dielectric material def

A

A material that insulates charge

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105
Q

Equation for wavelength and frequency from speed of light

A

c=f*wavelength

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106
Q

Ohmeters function

A

Measure resistance through a circuit

  • Does not req circuit to be active
  • OFten have batteries of their own
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107
Q

What is the most commonly exploited chemical property in chromatography?

A

Polarity

  • Polar compounds adhere to polar stationary phases and elute slower
  • Measure how far substances travel in given amount of time or how long it takes to elute
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108
Q

Columb’s constant value

A

k=8.9910^9 (Nm^2)/C^2

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109
Q

Forced Oscillation:

A

Periodic varying force applied to a system

Force frequency: frequency of force causing these forced oscillations
-Amplitude of oscillations at max

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110
Q

Threshold frequency ft

A

Min freq of light that causes ejection of an e-

  • Photoelectric effect is all or nothing
  • -Either exceed fT or don’t
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111
Q

What types of materials are conductors

A

usually metals

-Also can be ionic solutions

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112
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to propagation
-Propagation = motion of wave
Ex: visible light, X-rays

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113
Q

Fractional distillation steps

A
  1. Vapor rises up column and condenses back down to be evaporated agaon
  2. Subsequent vaporizations condense higher up in column
  3. each evaporation of condensate has higher proportion of compound with lower boiling point
  4. Once top column is reached, only desired product drips down to receiving flask
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114
Q

How does vacuum distillation allow for distillation of liquids with boiling points above 150 degC

A

Lowers ambient pressure

-This dec temp that liquid has to reach to have sufficient vapor pressure to boil

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115
Q

What is splitting Proton NMR

A

When two protons are in close proximity but not magnetically identical

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116
Q

Capacitors in series eq

A

1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + … + 1/Cn

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117
Q

If anion ends in -ite, what will acid end in

A

-ous acid

Ex: ClO2- = Chlorite -> HClO2 = Chlorous acid

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118
Q

Beta plus decay aka

A

Positron emission

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119
Q

When does shielding occur

A

If there is an e-donating group leading to proton being more upfield

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120
Q

If P is positive/negative what type of lens is this

A

pos: converging
neg: diverging

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121
Q

Isovolumetric/Isochocric

A

Constant volume

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122
Q

Nodes vs Antinodes for pipes

A

Open at both ends: antinodes at each open end

Open at one end: node at closed end

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123
Q

Propagation speed of a wave equation

A

v = f*wavelength

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124
Q

Kirchhoff’s Junction Law eq

A

I into junction = I leaving junction

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125
Q

Work energy theorem

A

Direct relationship between work and energy

Wnet = deltaK = Kfinal - Kinitital

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126
Q

Pitch

A

Our perception of freq. of sound

-Lower freq. have lower pitch

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127
Q

What does the distance between field lines indicate?

A

If they are closer together, indicates stronger field

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128
Q

Force of gravity between two objects equation

A

Fg = (Gm1m2)/(r^2)

G=universal gravitational constant = 6.6710^(-11) (Nm^2)/kg^2

r=distance between their centers of mass

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129
Q

C-H IR freq

A

Alkane: 2800-2999
Alkene: 3080-3140
Alkynes: 3300
Aromatic: 2900-3100

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130
Q

What is the difference in charge of protons and electrons

A

They have the same magnitude of charge but opposite sign
-Proton: q=+e
Electron: q= -e

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131
Q

Radio Microwave, IR, Visible Light, UV, X-Rays, Gamma rays rank in order of increasing wavelength

A

Gamma, X-rays, UV, Visisble, IR, Microwave, Radio

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132
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

Particles of wave oscillate parallel to direction of propagation
-Causes compression/direction along direction of propagation
Ex: Sound waves

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133
Q

What is the main difference between mirrors and lenses

A

Lens have two surfaces that affect light path

  • Light is refracted instead of being reflected
  • Lenses have two focal points with one on each side
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134
Q

Ohm’s Law eq

A

V=IR

V=voltage, I=current, R = magnitude of resistance measured in ohms

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135
Q

CH3COO-

A

Acetate

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136
Q

Doppler Effect Equation

A

f’ = f[(V+- Vd)/(V-+Vs)]

Upper sign: + if detector moving towards other object
minus if detector moving away from other object

Lower sign: minus if source of sound moving towards other object
+ if source moving away from object

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137
Q

Pitch

A

Our perception of freq. of sound

-Lower freq. have lower pitch

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138
Q

Range of hearing equation

A

Beta = 10log(I/I not)

Beta=sound level measured in decibels

I = intensity of sound wave

I not = threshold of hearing -> 1 x 10^-12 W/m^2

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139
Q

WHat types of electrons can be excited in UV-Vis spectroscopy

A

pi electrons and nonbonding e- can be excited to higher energy antibonding orbitals

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140
Q

Advantages of spectroscopy

A
  • Only need small quantity of sample

- Sample can still be reused after test

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141
Q

Isobaric

A

Constant pressure

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142
Q

HF

A

Hydroflouric acid

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143
Q

What is a nucleon

A

When photons and neutrons come together to form a nucleus

  • Attracted to each other by strong nuclear force
  • This force compensates for electromagnetic force between protons
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144
Q

Intensity

A

Average rate of energy transfer per area across a surface perpendicular to wave

Measured in W/m^2 -> kg/s^2

I = P/A

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145
Q

Resitors in parallel eq

A

1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn

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146
Q

Where are bright fringes located in slit interference

A

In between dark fringes

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147
Q

Angular Frequency

A

Measured in rads/sec
-used to look at simple harmonic motion in springs and pendulum

w = 2pif = (2pi)/T

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148
Q

Rotational Equilibrium

A

Exists when vector sum of all torques acting on an object equals zero

Two possibilities of motion in rotational equil.

  1. Object not rotating at all -> stationary
  2. Object rotating with constant angular velocity
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149
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transferred from one form to another

  • Total mechanical energy does not account for any forms of energy besides K & V
  • Conservation of Mechanical Energy
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150
Q

Mass defect eq

A

E=mc^2
c=speed of light
m=mass

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151
Q

Capacitance through dielectric material eq

A

C’ = kC
k=dielectric constant
C’ = capacitance with dielectric material present

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152
Q

Phase difference

A

How in step or out of step waves are

-Ex: phase difference 1/2 wave -> 180 deg

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153
Q

Direction of current in respect to electron flow

A

Direction of current is opposite to electron flow

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154
Q

Isobaric

A

Constant pressure

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155
Q

Power

A

The rate at which energy is transferred from one system to another

P=(W/t) = (deltaE)/t
t=time
SI unit is watt (W) = J/s or (kg*m^2)/(s^2)

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156
Q

What does a negative magnifcation suggest?

A

an inverted image

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157
Q

Angular Frequency

A

Measured in rads/sec
-used to look at simple harmonic motion in springs and pendulum

w = 2pif = (2pi)/T

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158
Q

Carbonyl IR freq

A

1700 sharp/deep

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159
Q

Period

A

Number of seconds per cycle

T = (1/f)
-Inverse of frequency

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160
Q

Parallel plate capacitor eq

A

C= sigma initial * (A/d)
A=area of overlap between the two plates
d = seperation of two plates

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161
Q

Constructive vs Destructive Interference

A

Constructive: Waves perfectly in phase
-Displacements add together and amplitude is sum of amplitudes of the waves

Destructive: Waves are perfectly out of phase
-Resultant wave is difference between the two amplitudes

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162
Q

Resistance def

A

Opposition with any material to movement and flow of charge

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163
Q

Mass defect def

A

Difference between mass of nucleus and mass of all protons and neutrons

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164
Q

Ion exchange chromatography

A

Beads in column coated with charged substances attract or bind compounds with opposite charge

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165
Q

Equilibrium position

A

Central point at which waves oscillate around

Displacement x: describes how far a particular point on a wave is from its equilibrium position
-Expressed as vector quantity

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166
Q

PO4 (3-)

A

Phosphate

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167
Q

Ferromagnetic def

A

Unpaired e= and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles oriented to have no magnetic dipole
-Strongly magnetized when exposed to magnetif field

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168
Q

Radio Microwave, IR, Visible Light, UV, X-Rays, Gamma rays rank in order of increasing freq

A

Radio Microwave, IR, Visible Light, UV, X-Rays, Gamma

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169
Q

WHen is an image virtual?

A

If light only appears to be coming from position of image but does not actually converge there

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170
Q

Change in parent nucleus in positron emission

A

Atomic number dec by 1 but mass does not change

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171
Q

Electric potential definition

A

Ratio of magnitude of a charge’s electric PE to magnitidue of charge itself
V=U/q -> V=KQ/r

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172
Q

Coloumbs law eq

A

Fe = (kq1q1)/r^2
Fe=magnitude of electrostatic force
k=coulomb’s constant
q1 and q2 are magnitude of the two charges

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173
Q

Cation exchange chromatgraphy vs anion exchange what elutes faster and what gets stuck/binds to beads

A

Cation: negatively charged beads bond with cations
-Anions elute faster
Anion: positively charged beads bond with anions
-Cations elute faster

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174
Q

What is SI unit of chrage

A

Coloumb

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175
Q

What is the speed of light

A

c=3.0 * 10^8 m/s

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176
Q

Standard emf equation

A

E o cell = Eo red, cathode - Eo red, anode

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177
Q

Sp2 hybridized C’s ppm Proton NMR

A

1.3

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178
Q

If focal point is positive/negative what type of mirror is it

A

Pos: Concave and converging
Neg: Mirror is convex and diverging

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179
Q

Work definition and equation

A

Work is a process by which energy is transferred from one system to another
W=F*d = Fdcos(theta)
-Dot product so cos

F=magnitude of applied force
d=magnitude of displacement
theta = angle between applied force vector and displacement vector
SI unit: J

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180
Q

emf value for galcanic cells

A

positive

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181
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to propagation
-Propagation = motion of wave
Ex: visible light, X-rays

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182
Q

What direction to test charges in relation to electric potential

A

If neg: spont move from lower electric potential to higher
If pos: spont move from higher electric potential to lower
-Positive charges want to dec electric potential and vice versa

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183
Q

Mag of magnetic field for circular loop of current-carrying wire with radius r

A

B=Mo*I/2r

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184
Q

When does internal reflection occur within a medium?

A

When the angle of refraction exceeds the critical angle

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185
Q

Order of shorthand notation for cell diagrams

A

Anode | anode solution (concentration) || cathode solution (conc) | cathode

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186
Q

Electromotive force def and meaning

A

Corresponds to voltage/electric potential of cell

  • If positive, cells release energy so deltaG<0 and reaction is spont.
  • If negative, cells absorb energy so delta G>0 and rxn is nonspont.
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187
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transferred from one form to another

  • Total mechanical energy does not account for any forms of energy besides K & V
  • Conservation of Mechanical Energy
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188
Q

Chrmoatography basic steps

A
  1. Sample placed onto stationary phase
  2. Mobile phase runs through statonary phase
  3. Sample displaced/eluted and carried through stationary phase
    - Different substances migrate at different speeds based on properties shared with stationary phase
  4. Each substances migration speed and distance differences allows isolation of each substance individually
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189
Q

TLC steps

A
  1. Sample placed directly on stationary phase
    - This is done by splotting or small well-defined spot of sample onto medium
  2. Plate developed in developing chamber with shallow pool filled with eluent
  3. Solvent creeps slowly up plate via capillary action at varying rates
  4. Plate removed when solvent nears top of plate
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190
Q

Potential energy of capacitor eq

A

U = 1/2CV^2

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191
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

Particles of wave oscillate parallel to direction of propagation
-Causes compression/direction along direction of propagation
Ex: Sound waves

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192
Q

Where is interference between waves displayed in slit interference

A

On the screen behind the slits

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193
Q

Fbeat equation

A

fbeat = |f1 - f2|

f beat = beat frequency

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194
Q

When anions form acids with names that end in -ide what suffix do they gain and what prefix do they gain

A

hydro- and -ic

Ex: Flouride -> HF -> Hydroflouric acid

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195
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity that an object experiences as a result of some applied force

Measured in m/s^2

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196
Q

Electrochemical cells components

A

Contain both oxidation and reduction reactions

-Contain anodes and cathodes where oxidation reduction occurs

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197
Q

Friction: Static and Kinetic

A

Static friction: between a stationary object and the surface which it rests upon
- 0 is less than or equal to fs is less than or equal to Mus*N
—fs = static friction Ms = coefficient of static friction N = normal forces

Kinetic Friction: Exists between a sliding object and the surface over which the object slides
- fk = Muk*N
—MuK = coefficient of kinetic friction N = normal force fK = Kinetic friction

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198
Q

What does downfiled mean in proton NMR

A

Chemical shift to left on X-axis

-Deshielded

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199
Q

Current measurement

A

Amperes

1 Ampere = 1 Coloumb/s

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200
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

Ratio of magnitudes of force exertion/by an object by by a simple machine to the force actually applied on the simple machine

Fout/Fin

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201
Q

Lorentz forces def

A

Sum of electrostatic and magnetic forces

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202
Q

Velocity vs Speed

A

Vector measured in rate of change of displacement in a given unit of time

  • Measured in m/s

Speed: Rate of actual distance traveled in a given time

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203
Q

What is a conductor

A

When given a chrage, distrubutes it approximately evenly upon surface of conductor

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204
Q

Change in parent nucles in gamma decay

A

NO change in mass or atomic number

-Lowers energy of parent nucleus

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205
Q

emf for concentration cells

A

emf=0 when these concentration are equal

-Starts off as positive

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206
Q

CO3(2-)

A

Carbonate

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207
Q

Size exclusion chromatography

A

Beads in column have tiny pores of varying sizes

  • Allows small compounds to enter beads -> slows them down
  • Large compounds can’t fit through the pores and move around them -> elute much faster
208
Q

Three principle rays for mirrors

A
  1. Ray parallel to optical axis reflects back through focal point
  2. Ray through the focal point reflects back parallel to the axis
  3. A ray that passes through the center of the mirror reflects back at the same angle relative to the normal
209
Q

What does spectroscopy measures

A

Energy diffences between possible states of a molecular system by determining frequencies of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by molecules

210
Q

Speed of sound through a medium

A

v = sqrt(beta/p)

beta = bulk modulus -> measure of medium’s resistance to compression

p = intensity of a the medium
-Sound travels faster through a solid

211
Q

What happens when e- jumps from lower energy to higher energy orbital?

A

It absorbs a photon of light

212
Q

Aldehydes CHO IR freq

A

2700-2900

213
Q

Capacitrance eq

A

C = Q/V

Q=charge, V = coltage

214
Q

HNO3

A

Nitric acid

215
Q

Standing Wave

A

Both ends are fixed and wave fluctuation is in form of fluctuation of amplitude at fixed points on the length of a string

216
Q

Effects of temperature on resistance

A

Most Conductors have greater resistance at high temps

217
Q

Spherical aberration def

A

Blurring of periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel lens at edge of mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at edge of lens

218
Q

Alpha decay what is change in parent element

A

Mass decreases by 4

Atomic number decreases by 2

219
Q

What happens when e- falls from higher energy to lower energy orbital

A

It emits a photon

220
Q

Potential Energy definition

A

Energy associated with a given object’s position in space or other intrinsic qualities of the system
-The potential to do work

221
Q

What can be used to measure emf of galvanic cells

A

A voltmeter can be connected

222
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Object’s position with respects to some level identified as a datum
-Ground or the zero potential energy position

U=mgh
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height of object above datum

223
Q

HCl

A

Hydrochloric acid

224
Q

Nernst eq

A 
Ecell = (Eo cell) - (RT/nF)(lnQ)
Ecell = emf under nonstanard conditions
R=ideal gas constant
T=temp in K
n = moles of e-
Q=rxn quotient
225
Q

Electrodisposition eq

A

mol M = It/nF
I = current, F = faraday’s constant 10^5 C/mol e-
n = number of e- equivalents for specific metal ion
mol M = amount of metal ion deposited on electrode

226
Q

Open pipe frequency equation

A

f=(nv)/2L

227
Q

Voltmeter function

A

Measures voltage drop between two points in circuit

  • Also req circuit to eb on
  • They have large resistance
228
Q

What is released in electron capture

A

A neutrino

229
Q

Is high ion concentration of a solution a good or bad conductor

A

Good conductor

230
Q

What is the strongers of the four fundamental forces

A

Strong nuclear force

231
Q

When does a fluorescent substance glow wit visible light

A

When it is excited with UV radiation

  • These high freq radiation excites e-
  • The excited e- return to original state in a few steps
  • Photons of lower freq emitted at each step
232
Q

Newton units in kg, m, s

A

Newton N = kg*m/s^2

233
Q

Affinity chromatography

A

Protein of interest bound by creating a column with high affinity for that protein

  • Coat beads with a receptor that binds protein or specific antibody to protein
  • Once protein retained, can be eluted out by washing column to free receptor
234
Q

Mass

A

Measure of a body’s inertia

-Scalar quantity with magnitude only
SI unit: Kg and is independent of gravity

235
Q

Focal distance equation

A

1/do + 1/di = 1/f

236
Q

Kirchhoff’s Loop rule

A

Around any closed circuit loop, sum of voltage sources equal to sum of voltage potential drops
-No excess is created or disappears, just changes form to another form of energy

237
Q

Gamma decay process

A

Emission of gamma rays

238
Q

Metallic conductivity

A

Allow free flow of electric charge within them

239
Q

Standing Wave

A

Both ends are fixed and wave fluctuation is in form of fluctuation of amplitude at fixed points on the length of a string

240
Q

What is a reverse extraction

A

Removes unwanted impurities

-Uses small amount of solvent

241
Q

What is power of a lens measured in

A

diopters

242
Q

Partially constructive/destructive

A

When waves aren’t perfectly in/out of phase

-If nearly in phase -> mostly add together and vice versa

243
Q

Resistors in series eq

A

Rs = R1 + R2 + … Rn

244
Q

Nodes vs Antinodes

A

Nodes: points in the wave that remain at rest
-Amplitude always equals zero

Antinodes: points midway between nodes that fluctuate with max amplitude

245
Q

As a slit narrows, does light entering it diffract more or less

A

MOre

246
Q

How are unknown compounds identified in TLC

A

Retardation factor: Rf = (distance spot moved)/(distance solvent front moved)

247
Q

Ketone Carbonyl IR freq

A

1700-1750

248
Q

Diamagnetic def

A

Atoms with no unpaired e- and no net magnetic field

-Slighly repelled by magnet

249
Q

If do is positive/negative where is the object located in relation to the mirror

A

Positive: object in front of mirror
Negative: object behind mirror (rare)

250
Q

When will light bend towards the normal after entering a new medium?

A

If the new medium has a higher index of refraction

251
Q

What are the three kinematic equations:

A

No displacement: V = Vinitial + at

No final V:
x = Vinitialt + (1/2)(a(t^2)

No time: Vfinal^2 = Vinitial^2 + 2ax

When motion is vertical, can substitute y instead of x for displacement

g = a = 10m/s^2

252
Q

Energy of photon eqution

A

E=hf
h=planck’s constant
f=freq of light

253
Q

Colomb’s constant equation

A

k=1/4pi(sigma o )

sigma o: permittiveity of free space: 8.85*10^-12

254
Q

Frequency

A

f = number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second

-measured in Hz Hertz

255
Q

Equation for kinetic energy in ejected e- during photoelectric effect

A

Kmax = hf-W
W=work function: min energy req to eject e-
W=hfT where fT = threshold freq

256
Q

What is binding energy

A

Allows nucleons to bind together in nucleus

257
Q

F-

A

Flouride

258
Q

What are the four fundamental forces

A

strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electrostatic, gravitational

259
Q

Amplitude

A

Max magnitude of displacement in a wave

-Only look at either crest or trough height, not both

260
Q

Voltage drop eq for resitors in parallel

A

Vp = V1 = V2 = … + Vn

261
Q

Standard reduction potential meaning

A

If positive, tendency for reduction, if negative, tendency for oxidation

262
Q

A convex lens is ____

A

converging

263
Q

Beta decay most often refers to which type of decay

A

Beta minus decay

264
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Object’s position with respects to some level identified as a datum
-Ground or the zero potential energy position

U=mgh
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height of object above datum

265
Q

Br-

A

Bromide

266
Q

closed pipe freq equation

A

f=nv/4L

267
Q

Fusion vs fission

A

Fusion: small nuclei combining to form large nucleus
-Less common as power plant than fission
Fission: Process by which large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei
-Rarely occurs spontaneously
-Can be induced via absorption of lower energy neutron

268
Q

Shock Wave

A

When object producing sound is above speed of sound and waves build upon another

  • Creates much larger amplitude at that point
  • Can cause physical disturbances when passing through other objects
  • Creates a sonic boom
269
Q

Column chromatography differences from TLC

A
  1. Entire column filled with silica/aluminum beads as stationary phase
    - Allows for much greater separation
  2. Uses gravity to move solvent and compounds down column
    - Solvent can also be forced down with gas pressure
270
Q

Partially constructive/destructive

A

When waves aren’t perfectly in/out of phase

-If nearly in phase -> mostly add together and vice versa

271
Q

Voltage drop eq for resistors in series

A

Vs = V1 + V2 + … + Vn

272
Q

What is the center of curvature?

A

Point on optical axis located a distance equal to radius of curvature from vertex of mirror

273
Q

Fundamental unit of charge

A

e=1.6*10^-19 C

274
Q

What differences does distillation leverage to separate compounds?

A

Boiling points

-Separates two liguids via evaporation/condensation

275
Q

Speed of sound through a medium

A

v = sqrt(beta/p)

beta = bulk modulus -> measure of medium’s resistance to compression

p = intensity of a the medium
-Sound travels faster through a solid

276
Q

What is resistivity measured in

A

ohm*m

277
Q

What is the rule of extractions

A

Like dissolves like

-Polar dissolves polar etc

278
Q

Loop rule eq

A

Vsource = V drop

279
Q

H2SO4

A

Sulfuric Acid

280
Q

Repulsive forces are between charges of what type?

A

Same sign

281
Q

What materials are in between conductors and insulators in terms of resistance

A

Resistors

282
Q

Do waves with a lower frequency have a higher or lower energy

A

Lower

-Energy of photon and freq are in direct proportion with each other

283
Q

closed pipe wavelength equation

A

wavelength = 4L/n

n=odd integers

284
Q

If di is postiive/negative where is the image in relation to the mirror

A

Positive: image in front of mirror and real
Neg: Image is behind mirror and virtual

285
Q

Weight Fg

A

Measure of gravitational force on an object’s mass

  • Vector quantity measured in newtons N
  • It is a force
Fg = m*g
Fg = weight of the object, m = mass of object
g = acceleration due to gravity (usually 9.8 m/s^2 = 10)
286
Q

Lensmaker’s equation

A

1/f = (n-1)(1/r1 - 1/r2)

n=index of refraction, r1 and r2 = radius of curvature for lens

287
Q

Function of salt bridge in electrochemical cells

A

Permits exchange of cations and anions

288
Q

SO4 (2-)

A

Sulfate

289
Q

Isotopic notation

A 
A
    X
Z
A=mass number
X=element
Z=atomic number
290
Q

Location of center and radius of curvature for convex mirror

A

Both are behind the mirror

291
Q

Similarities between column chromatography and TLC

A

Same principles: faster elution = more similarities to stationary phase

292
Q

ClO3-

A

Chlorate

293
Q

When does the photoelectric effect occur

A

When light beam with frequencies above threshold frequency of metal

294
Q

What types of materials are insulators

A

Most nonmetals

295
Q

What drives movement of e- for concentration cells

A

Concentration gradient results in potential difference between the two cells drives movement of e-

296
Q

Mag of magnetic field for straight current-carrying wire

A

B=MoI/2pir
B=magnetic field
Mo=permeability of free space
I=current

297
Q

ClO- name

A

Hypochlorite

298
Q

If anion ends in -ite what does this mean

A

Less oxygen

299
Q

What is a plane mirror and what type of images does it create?

A

It is a flat reflective surface with neither converging or diverging of reflected light rays
-Only creates virtual images

300
Q

Elastic Potential Energy

A

Springs and other elastic systems act to store energy
-When relaxed -> equilibrium
-When a spring is stretched or compressed from equil length:
U = (1/2)kx^2
U = potential energy
x=magnitude of displacement
k=spring constant

301
Q

Power equation

A

P=IV
P=I^2 * R
P = V^2/R
-Can use V=IR to substitute into these equations

302
Q

Dampening/Attenuation

A

When friction exists, decrease in amplitude of a wave is caused by an applied/non conservative force

303
Q

Gas chromatography

A

Mobile phase is a gas and stationary phase is crushed metal at foot of column

  • Column coiled and kept inside an oven to control temp
    1. Mixture injected into columna nd vaporized
    2. Gaseous compounds travel through column at different rates
    3. Compounds registered by detector that records them as peaks on a chart
  • Usually then injected into mass spectrometer
304
Q

Recrystallization

A

Further purifies crysal in solution

305
Q

Recrystallization steps

A
  1. Dissolve product in minimum amount of hot solvent and let it recrystallize as it cools
    - Solvent is soluble to product only at high temps
  2. When solution cools, only desired product is recrystallized without impurities
306
Q

Equilibrium position

A

Central point at which waves oscillate around

Displacement x: describes how far a particular point on a wave is from its equilibrium position
-Expressed as vector quantity

307
Q

Electrolytic cells standard reduction potential

A

Electrode with more positive Eo red is anode/oxidized

308
Q

Typical Speed of sound

A

In 20 degC air -> 343 m/s

309
Q

Fingerprint region

A

1500-400 cm^-1 range

-No need to identify substances here

310
Q

What compounds cannot be separated via simple distillation

A

Only can be used to separate liquids that boil below 150 degC and have at least 25 degC difference in boiling points

311
Q

Kirchhoff’s Junction law

A

At any point/junction in circuit, sum of currents into the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving

312
Q

Concentration Cell def

A

Type of galvanic cell

  • Still two half cells connected by conductive material -> spont. ox/red
  • Diff from galvanic cells because two electrodes are chemically identical
313
Q

Typical Speed of sound

A

In 20 degC air -> 343 m/s

314
Q

What are the axes in a typical NMR plot

A

Frequency and absorption of energy

315
Q

Carboxylic Acid ppm Proton NMR

A

10.5-12

316
Q

Meaning of lines in shorthand notation of cell diagrams

A

One line denotes phase boundary

Double vertical line denotes salt bridge

317
Q

Dispersion definition

A

When various wavelengths of light separate from each other

318
Q

Position of dark fringes equation on the screen

A

dsinθ = (n+1/2)*wavelength
-d=distance between two slits
θ=angle between line drawn from mid point between two slits to dark fringe and the normal
n= number of fringes

319
Q

WHat is used to calibrate NMR

A

TMS is the standard peak at 0 ppm

-Make sure to skip TMS peak when counting

320
Q

Proton NMR what is height of each peak proportional to

A

Number of protons it contains

321
Q

What units are magnetic fields measured in

A

Teslas

T=Ns/mC

322
Q

Is a concave mirror converging or diverging

A

Converging

323
Q

What is the photoelectric effect

A

When a metal atom emits an e-

-Produces net charge flow per unit time -> current

324
Q

Total mechanical energy

A

The sum of an object’s potential and kinetic energies

E=U+K

325
Q

Infrasonic vs Ultrasonic

A

Infra: below 20 Hz

Ultra: 20,000 Hz

326
Q

Galvanic cells aka

A

Volatic cells

327
Q

What is preparative TLC

A

Larger scale purifications

-Larger spots split into bands of individual compounds and scraped off and washed to yield pure compounds

328
Q

Kinetic Energy Equation

A

K=(1/2)mv^2

SI units: J = (kg*m^2)/(s^2)

329
Q

What materials have 0 resistance and which ones have high resistance?

A

Conductors have no resistance

Insulateors have high resistance

330
Q

Propagation speed of a wave equation

A

v = f*wavelength

331
Q

Dieelectric material in isolated capacitors effect

A

Voltage across capacitor dec

  • Dielectric material shields opposite charges from each other
  • If voltage dec, capacitance inc by factor of dielectric constant
332
Q

deltaG relation to standard E cell

A 
deltaGo = -nF(Eo cell)
-deltaGo = standard free energy change
Eo cell = standard emf of cell
-F = Faraday Constant (make sure it is in J/V)
n=# of e-
333
Q

Where are ammeter and voltmeters wired within a circuit

A

Ammeter inserted in series

Voltmeters are wired in parallel to the two points

334
Q

Standard reduction potential measured under what conditions?

A

Standard conditions: 25 degC, 1 atm, 1 M conc

335
Q

Conservative Forces characteristics

A
  • Path independent
  • Do not dissipate energy
  • Have potential energies associated with them
336
Q

ClO2- name

A

Chlorite

337
Q

Armoatic Ring ppm Proton NMR

A

6-8.5

338
Q

Infrasonic vs Ultrasonic

A

Infra: below 20 Hz

Ultra: 20,000 Hz

339
Q

When does movement of e-/current stop in concentration cells

A

Whenn concentration of ionic species in the half cells are equal

340
Q

ClO4-

A

Perchlorate

341
Q

Beta minus change in parent nucleus

A

Atomic number inc by 1 but mass does not change

342
Q

Constructive vs Destructive Interference

A

Constructive: Waves perfectly in phase
-Displacements add together and amplitude is sum of amplitudes of the waves

Destructive: Waves are perfectly out of phase
-Resultant wave is difference between the two amplitudes

343
Q

Magnification of multiple lens equation

A

m = m1m2…*mn

344
Q

HNO2

A

Nitrous acid

345
Q

Work definition and equation

A

Work is a process by which energy is transferred from one system to another
W=F*d = Fdcos(theta)
-Dot product so cos

F=magnitude of applied force
d=magnitude of displacement
theta = angle between applied force vector and displacement vector
SI unit: J

346
Q

Voltage potential difference eq

A 
DeltaV = Vb-Va = Wab/q
-Wab = work needed to move test charge through electric field from a to b
347
Q

Dot Product vs Cross Product

A

A*B = |A||B|cos(theta) -> scalar

AxB = |A||B|sin(theta) -> vector

348
Q

Integration definition Proton NMR

A

Area under each of the peaks

349
Q

POlarizers def

A

Allow only with an electric field pointing in a particular direction to pass through

350
Q

Electron capture process

A

When unstable radionuclides capture an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron

351
Q

What direction does current run in electrochemical cells

A

Runs from cathode to anode

-This is the flow of protons and is opposite to the flow of e-

352
Q

Vector vs Scalar

A

Vectors area both magnitude and direction.

Scalar: Magnitude but no direction

353
Q

How does HPLC differ from GC

A

Liquid mobile phase and computerized

354
Q

Nodes vs Antinodes

A

Nodes: points in the wave that remain at rest
-Amplitude always equals zero

Antinodes: points midway between nodes that fluctuate with max amplitude

355
Q

high performance liquid chromatography

A

Eleunt travels through defined composition

-Stationary phase dependent on target molecule and quantity needed to be purified

356
Q

Traveling Wave

A

Moving wave that propagates towards the fixed end

-If free end of stick keeps moving up and down, two waves result and interfere with each other

357
Q

Trends of TLC for polar/nonpolar compounds

A

Nonpolar compounds dissolve more quickly in organic solvent and rise up plate quicker
Polar compounds is opposite

358
Q

HPLC steps

A
  1. Small sample injected into column
  2. Separation occurs as it flows through
  3. Compounds pass through detector and collected as solvent flows out
359
Q

deltaG under nonstandard conditions eq

A

deltaG = deltaGo + RTlnQ

360
Q

Exponential decay eq

A

n=n initiale^-(decay constant)t
n=amount of sample remaining
n initial: number of undecayed nuclei at t=0
t=time
decay constant: represented by lambda, is always given or solved for

361
Q

Electric PE eq

A

U=KQq/r

-Measured in J

362
Q

Power

A

The rate at which energy is transferred from one system to another

P=(W/t) = (deltaE)/t
t=time
SI unit is watt (W) = J/s or (kg*m^2)/(s^2)

363
Q

Rotational Motion

A

When forces are applied against an object that cause it to rotate around a fixed pivot point -> fulcrum.

Torque generated by application of force at a distance from the fulcrum.
-Torque generates rotational motion

T = rxF = rFsin(theta)

T = torque, r = length of lever arm, F = magnitude of force, theta = angle between lever arm and force vectors

364
Q

Open Pipe wavelength equation

A 
wavelength = (2L)/n 
-n = any integer
365
Q

Phase difference

A

How in step or out of step waves are

-Ex: phase difference 1/2 wave -> 180 deg

366
Q

What is the index of refraction for air?

A

1

367
Q

Simplified Nernst Eq

A

Ecell = (Eo cell) - (.06/n)logQ

- Can use if T=298K

368
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from crest to crest of next wave

369
Q

If anion ends in -ate what will acid end in

A

-ic acid

Ex: ClO3- = chlorate -> HCLO3 = Chloric acid

370
Q

Attractive forces are between charges of what type?

A

Different charge

371
Q

What IR frequencies are hydroxyl groups found

A

Alcohols: 3100-3500 borad peak

Carboxylic acid: Broad 2800-3200

372
Q

Work energy theorem

A

Direct relationship between work and energy

Wnet = deltaK = Kfinal - Kinitital

373
Q

A concave lens is _____

A

concave

374
Q

What do the bright and dark fringes represent in slit interference

A

Bright frings: max amplitude: constructive interference

Dark: regions of destructive interference, min amplitude

375
Q

Value of planck’s constant

A

6.626 * 10^-34 J*s

376
Q

What are fieldlines?

A

Imaginary lines that indicate how positive test charge would move in presence of source charge
-Point away if positive source charge and towards if negative

377
Q

BO3 (3-)

A

Borate

378
Q

Positron emission/decay process

A

Proton converted into a neutron and beta plus partcile emitted

379
Q

Advantages of HPLC

A

Computer control allows for sophisticated solvent gradients and temperatures to be applied to column

380
Q

Circular Motion

A

When forces cause an object to move in a circular pathway

-Instantaneous velocity vector is always tangent to the circular path
-Object has a tendency to break out of its circular path and move in a linear direction
—Centripetal force keeps object along circular path
—In uniform circular motion, tangential force is zero

Fc =(mv^2)/r
Fc = magnitude of centripetal force, R = radius of the circular path

381
Q

Resistance equation

A

R = pL/A
p=resistivity
L = length of resistor
A = cross sectional area

382
Q

Elastic Potential Energy

A

Springs and other elastic systems act to store energy
-When relaxed -> equilibrium
-When a spring is stretched or compressed from equil length:
U = (1/2)kx^2
U = potential energy
x=magnitude of displacement
k=spring constant

383
Q

sp hybridized C’s ppm Proton NMR

A

2-3

384
Q

What is plating/galvanization

A

When in the reduction rxn, the solid precipitates onto the electrode

385
Q

DC vs AC

A

Direct current: charge flows in one direction only

Alternating current: flow changes direction periodically

386
Q

HBr

A

Hydrobromic acid

387
Q

Electrolyte def electrochemical cells

A

Aq solution composed of cations and anions surrounding the electrodes

388
Q

What is a blackbody

A

An ideal absorber of all wavelengths of light

=Appears completely black if at lower temp than it’s surrounding

389
Q

Conservative Forces characteristics

A
  • Path independent
  • Do not dissipate energy
  • Have potential energies associated with them
390
Q

Plane polarized light def

A

When e-fields of all waves are oriented in the same direction
-Magnetic field vectors also parallel

391
Q

Wnon conservative

A

When nonconvservative forces are present, total ME is not conserved

Wnonconservative = deltaE = deltaU + deltaK

Nonconservative forces are path dependent
-The longer the distance traveled, the more energy dissipated

392
Q

Kinematic of projectile motion

A

Velocity and accelerations in the two directions are independent of each other.

Along y-axis, experience force and acceleration of gravity

  • Vy will change at rate of g but Vx will remain constant
  • Only time Vx is not constant is when air drag is present
393
Q

How are the charged molecules stuck in the column removed in cation exchange chromatography

A

Salt gradient used to elute these charged molecules out of the column

394
Q

Paramagnetic def

A

Weakly manitized in presence of extrenal magnetic field

-Dipoles align exactly with external field

395
Q

Critical angle equation

A

arcsin(n2/n1)

396
Q

Main difference between the two types of beta decay

A

In beta minus, neutron converted to proton leading to inc in atomic number
In beta plus/positron, proton converted into neutron so dec in atomic number
-Also difference in emission (beta minus/plus particle)

397
Q

HClO3

A

Chloric Acid

398
Q

Farad’s constant

A

1*10^5 C/mol e-

399
Q

Mass spectrometry base, p+1 and parent peak

A

Parent: Indicates molecular weight of compound
p+1 peak: to right of peak and indicaates heavier isotopes
base: highest peak and corresponds to parent ion

400
Q

Total mechanical energy

A

The sum of an object’s potential and kinetic energies

E=U+K

401
Q

What is rectilinear propagation

A

When light travels through a medium, it does so in a straight line

402
Q

When is solvation exo vs endothermic

A

When new interactions are stronger than the original ones -> exothermic
When weaker -> endo

403
Q

Are nitrate salts soluble?

A

Yes, all nitrate salts are soluble

404
Q

What is Chelation

A

When a central cation is bonded to the same ligand in multiple places

405
Q

Equation for mole fraction

A

Xa = moles of A/Total moles of all species

406
Q

Molarity eq

A

M = moles/L of solution

407
Q

Molality eq

A

m = moles solute/kg of solvent

408
Q

If Q

A

Solute continues to dissolve

-Solution is unsaturated

409
Q

If Q=Ksp then what

A

Saturated solution

-Solution is at equilbirum

410
Q

If Q>Ksp then what

A

Superstaurated solution

-Precipitation occurs

411
Q

Common ion effect def

A

When common ions are in the solution, molar solubility of the salt is reduced

412
Q

What is a colligative property

A

They are dependent on concentrations of dissolved particles

-Not the chemical identity of the dissolved particles

413
Q

What is raolt’s law

A

As solute is added to solvent, vapor pressure dec proportionately for solvent
=Presence of solute blocks evaporation but not condensation

414
Q

Boiling point relation to vapor pressure

A

The boiling point is temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid equals the ambient pressure

415
Q

How does addition of solute alter boiling point

A

More solute leads to a decrease in vapor pressure

-Higher boiling point

416
Q

How does addition of solute affect freezing point

A

Solute disturbs lattice structure needed for freezing to occur
-Decreases rate of freezing

417
Q

Kinetic vs thermodynamic product

A

Kinetic: Higher in free energy and can form at lower temps
-Forms more quickly
Thermo: Lower in free energy and more stable
-Forms slower but more spont.

418
Q

What happens to vol;ume and pressure when system is compressed

A

Volume dec
Pressure inc
-System moves to whichever side has less mol of gas

419
Q

What is bond enthalpy

A

Avg energy required to break a bond between two atoms in gas phase

420
Q

Is bond disssociation an endo or exothermic process

A

It’s endothermic

421
Q

What is bond dissoviation energy measured in

A

kJ/mol of bonds broke

422
Q

How does a closed system affect entropy

A

Entropy inc as energy in a closed system will spread out

423
Q

Fluids def

A

Ability to flow and conform to shape of containers

424
Q

Whya ren’t solids fluids

A

Because they do not flow

-They also retain their shape regardless of container

425
Q

Which phases are considered fluids

A

liquids and gases

426
Q

density equation

A

p=m/V
p=density
V=volume

427
Q

What are the SI uits of density

A

kg/m^3

428
Q

Water density

A

1 g/cm^3 or 1000 kg/m^3

429
Q

Bouyant force equation

A

Fg = pVg
p=density
V=weight of any volume of a substance with known density

430
Q

Specific Gravity

A

Ratio of an objects density compared to that of pure water

-Determines if an object will sink or float

431
Q

Specific gravity eq

A 
SG = p/pwater
-pwater = 1g/cm^3
432
Q

What are the units of specific gravity

A

Its a ratio so its unitless

433
Q

Pressure equation

A

P=F/A

434
Q

Units of pressure

A

Pascals

435
Q

Pascal conversion into N and m

A

1 Pa = 1 N/m^2

436
Q

Pascal conversion into other pressure measurements

A

1.013*10^5 Pa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 atm

437
Q

How does pressure near the surface of a fluid-containing surface compare to the pressure in the middle of the container?

A

Pressure exerted at any point within fluid-containing surface is the same

438
Q

How does altitude affect boiling point

A

As altitude inc, pressure dec

-As pressure dec, boiling point dec

439
Q

What is absolute hydrostatic pressure

A

Total pressure exerted on an object submerged into a fluid

440
Q

Absolute pressure equation

A 
P=Po + pgz
Po = ambient pressure (at surface)
p=density
g=acceleration due to gravity
z=depth of the object
441
Q

What does Po usually equal

A

Almost always 1 atm

442
Q

What is gauge pressure

A

Difference between absolute pressure inside tire and atmospheric pressure outside

443
Q

gauge pressure eq

A

Pgauge = P-Patm

Pgauge=(Po + pgz)-Patm

444
Q

Pascal’s principle

A

Fluids with volumes cannot be reduced through application of pressure

445
Q

Pressure equation with multiple hydralic tubes (hydraulic lift)

A

P=F1/A1=F2/A2
F=force
A=cross-sectional area

446
Q

Volume of fluid eq relates Area and distance

A

V=A1d1=A2d2
A=cross-sectional area
d=distance

447
Q

Archimedes principle eq

A

Fbouy=pfluidVfluiddisplacedg=pfluidVsubmergedg

pfluid = density of fluid

448
Q

specific gravity values in relation to floating/sinking

A

Any object with a SG >=1 is submerged in water

  • If SG>1, 100% of object is submerged and object will sink
  • If SG=1, 100% of object is submerged but object does not sink
  • If SG<1, object is partially submerged and floats
449
Q

Surface tension def

A

Liquid forms thin but srong layer at liquid’s surface

450
Q

What creates surface tension

A

Cohesive forces -> attractive force between molecules of the same molecule

451
Q

Meniscus containers relation to adhseive/cohesive forces

A

If menisucs, adhesive>cohesive

If backwards meniscus, cohesive>adhesive

452
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of fluid to flow

453
Q

Do thin fluids have high or low viscosity

A

Low viscosity

454
Q

Do ideal fluids have high viscosity

A

Ideal fluids have 0 viscosity

455
Q

Si units for viscosity

A

Pas = Ns/m^2

456
Q

Laminar flow

A

Smooth and orderly flow

  • Flow of fluids is parallel
  • Layers closest to wall flow more slowly than fluids on interior
457
Q

Poiseuile’s Law

A

Defines laminar flow thorugh a pipe

458
Q

Poiseuile’s Law eq

A 
Q=pi*r^4*deltaP/8nL
n=viscosity
L=length of pipe
r=radius
deltaP=change in pressure
Q=flow rate
459
Q

Turbulent flow def

A

Rough and disorderly flow

-Forms eddies: swirls of fluid of varying sizes

460
Q

When does turbulent flow occur

A

When critical speed of fluid is exceeded

-Only fluids near the edge of container exhibits laminar flow

461
Q

Critical speed eq

A 
Vc=Nr*n/pD
Vc=critical speed
p=density
n=viscosity
Nr=Reynold's number(consant)
D=diameter
462
Q

What are streamlines

A

Indicate pathways followed by tiny fluid elements as they move
-Never cross each other

463
Q

Continuity eq of fluid

A

Q=v1A1 = v2A2
v1/v2=linear speeds at point 1&2
A=cross sectional area

464
Q

Bernouilli’s eq

A

P1+(1/2)p(v1)^2+pgh1 = P2+(1/2)p(v2)^2+pgh2
P=absolute pressure of fluid
v=linear speed
h=height of fluid

465
Q

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

A

F=(9/5)C+32

466
Q

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion

A

C=(5/9)(F-32)

467
Q

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

A

C+273

468
Q

Thermal Expansion eq

A

DeltaL = alphaLdeltaT
L=original length
alpha = coefficient of linear expansion

469
Q

Volumetric expansion eq

A

DeltaV=BetaVdeltaT
Beta = coefficient of volumetric expansion
V=original volume

470
Q

linear expansion coefficient relation to coefficient of volumetric expansion

A

Beta = 3*alpha

Coefficient of volumetric expansion is three times greater than coefficient of linear expansion

471
Q

What is the system and what is the surrounding

A

System is what we are observing/manipulating

Surroundings: Everything else in the universe

472
Q

Isolated system

A

Cannot exchange energy or matter with surroundings

-Total change in internal energy=0

473
Q

Closed system

A

Capable of exchanging energy but not matter with surroundings

474
Q

Open System

A

Can exchange both energy and matter with environment

475
Q

State functions def

A

Only display current equilibrium state of a system

-Independent of path taken to get to a particular state

476
Q

Examples of state functions

A

Pressure, density, temp, volume, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, internal energy

477
Q

Process function def

A

Describe path taken to get from one state to another

-AKA path function

478
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

DeltaU = Q-W

  • W=WOrk done to system
  • Q=energy transferred into system as heat
  • DeltaU = change in system’s internal energy
479
Q

1st law of thermodynamics, sign conventions of deltaU

A

If positive: Temp is inc

If negative, Temp is dec

480
Q

1st law of thermodynamics, sign conventions of Q

A

If positive: Heat flows into system

If negative: Heat flows out of system

481
Q

1st law of thermodynamics, sign conventions of W

A

If positive, Work done by system
-Expanding
If negative, Work done on system
-System being compressed

482
Q

2nd Law of thermodnamics Def

A

Objects in thermal contact exchange heat energy until both have same temp at thermal equilibrium

483
Q

Heat def

A

Process by which energy transferred between two objects

484
Q

What is the SI unit of heat

A

Joule

485
Q

Cal to cal to J conversion

A

1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4184 J

486
Q

Conduction def

A

Direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule via molecular collisions
-Need direct physical contact between objects

487
Q

Examples of good/bad conductors

A

Metals are good

Gases are worst

488
Q

Convection def

A

transfer of heat by physical motion of fluid over a material

  • Involves flow
  • Only liquids and gases
489
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

-Can transfer energy through a vaccuum

490
Q

Specific Heat def

A

Amount of heat energy req to raise one g of a substance by 1 degC or 1

491
Q

Specific heat of water

A

1 Cal/gK or 4.184 J/gK

492
Q

Second law of thermodynamics eq

A

q=mcdeltaT
-c=specific heat
m=mass
T=temperature

493
Q

Equation for change in temp during phase change

A

Trick question, temperature does not change in a phase change

494
Q

Phase change from solid to liquid molecular motion of water

A

Heat causes water molecules to begin to move away from each other and break free of the H-bonds between them
-Now have greater degrees of freedom of movement and PE to inc

495
Q

Latent heat eq

A

q=mL
q=amount of heat gained/lost
m=mass of substance
L=latent heat constant

496
Q

Liquid to solid term

A

Freezing

497
Q

Melting/Fusion

A

Solid to liquid

498
Q

Heat of fusion related to what

A

Melting point

499
Q

Boiling/evaporation/vaporization

A

Liquid to gas

500
Q

Condensation

A

gas to liquid

501
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas

502
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to solid

503
Q

Heat of vaporization related to what

A

Boiling point

504
Q

Isothermal relation to 1st law of thermodynamics

A

Q=W

-Constant temp, no change in internal energy so deltaU=0

505
Q

Adiabatic relation to 1st law of thermodynamics

A

No heat exchange, Q=0

-deltaU=-W

506
Q

Isobaric relation

A

Constant Pressure

507
Q

Isochoric aka

A

Isovolumetric

508
Q

isochoric relation to 1st law of thermodynamics

A

W=0

deltaU=Q

509
Q

2nd Law of thermodynamics entropy

A

Energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if not hindered from doing so

510
Q

Entropy def

A

How much energy is spread out or how widely spread out energy has become

511
Q

Entropy during phase change from solid to gas

A

Entropy inc

512
Q

Entropy SI units

A

J/mol*K

513
Q

entropy eq

A

Qrev/T

-Qrev=heat gained/lost in reversible process

514
Q

Closed system relation to entropy

A

Will not be spontaneous in a closed system

  • Energy spontanteous but entropy is not
  • Work usually has to be done to alter it
515
Q

Entropy of universe eq

A

DeltaSuniverse = DeltaSsystem + DeltaSsurroundings

516
Q

Variables for entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy

A

entropy = S
Gibbs Free Energy = G
Enthalpy = H

MCAT (12 decks)

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