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AAMC Tests Flashcards

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1
Q

Optimal arousal theory for simple tasks

A

More arousal and more people leads to high performance

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2
Q

Optimal arousal theory for complex tasks

A

Bell curve for arousal

  • Too low or too high arousal leads to low performance
  • Need medium arousal to perform successfully
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3
Q

How does electrical conductivity in the skin measure arousal

A

Measures sympathetic arousal

-Leads to sweat which have ions in them and are conductive

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4
Q

General adaptation syndrome stages

A

Alert
Resistance
Exhaustion (if no rest period)

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5
Q

What is the magic number for working memory

A

7 plus or minus 2

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6
Q

Priming def

A

Association of something to remember something

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7
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking up something you have to remember into parts to make it easier to recall

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8
Q

Role strain

A

Difficulty performing at one specific role

Ex: my role is a student and its super hard

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9
Q

Role conflict

A

Multiple rules you’re juggling

-Hard to be between these roles

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10
Q

Mixed-methods study def

A

Combines both qualitative and quantitative studies

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11
Q

Gentrification def

A

When re-urbanization targets the wealthier community and the people who used to live there are pushed out
-Leads to greater inequality in cities

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12
Q

In group vs peer group

A

In group; who you identify with

Peer: your homies

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13
Q

Habituation vs dishabituation

A

In habituation, person tunes out the
stimulus.
Dishabituation occurs when previously habituated stimulus is removed.

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14
Q

What organelles do RBCs not have

A

No ribosomes, mitochondria, ER or nucleus

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15
Q

Where are endothelial cells located

A

Anywhere there’s vasculature

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16
Q

Where does bonding occur between nucleotides in DNA

A

Between the 5’ phosphate and the 3’ hydroxyl group

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17
Q

Where does bonding occur between nucleotides in RNA

A

Same binding

-The only difference is there’s an extra OH attached to RNA at the 2’ end

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18
Q

Nucleotide pnemonic for thymine

A

Thymine two tits

-Two carbonyl groups

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19
Q

Nucleotide pnemonic for for adenine

A

Adenine always alone above

-Only substituent (NH3) is above

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20
Q

Nucleotide pnemonic for cytosine

A

Cytosine has a heavy cock

  • Drooping carbonyl
  • Carbonyl groups is pointed downwards (diaganol)
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21
Q

Nucleotide pnemonic for guanine

A

Guanine gets girls with its excited erect cock

-Carbonyl pointed upwards

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22
Q

What is the full name of NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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23
Q

What is the full name of FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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24
Q

As you move from renal cortex to renal medulla how does ionic gradient change in interstitial fluid
-What’s the context of this change

A

It increases

  • As you move from cortex into descending loop of henle, water diffuses out to equalize solute concentration
  • As you move up ascending loop of henle to the cortex, ions diffuse out
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25
Q

What is the countercurrent multipplier system of the nephron

A

Flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle is in the opposite direction from the flow of blood through the vasa recta
-This means filtrate constantly is exposed to hypertonic blood -> max absorption of water

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26
Q

How is the countercurrent multiplier system of the nephron facilitated by the different limbs of henle

A

The descending loop is permebale to water not salts
-This means that max absorption of water via osmosis
-Takes advantage of inc medullary osmolarity
The ascending loop is only permeable to salts not water
-This means that salt absorption is maximized
-Takes advantage of dec medullary osmolarity

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27
Q

What is blood osmolairty in relation to the kidneys

A

Amount of solute in the blood (ions)

-Dictates movement of water and ions in nephron

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28
Q

What is the cell plate composed of during cytokinesis

A

Microhilaments

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29
Q

What is a signal sequence

A

It directs a protein to a specific cellular location

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30
Q

What is the function of the chaperone proteins

A

Assist with folding of proteins

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31
Q

Where are promoters located

A

On introns/pre-mRNA

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32
Q

Process of Sanger sequencing

A

Includes an enzyme that removes the 3’ OH and the structure of DNA falls apart
-Then DNA segments are separated

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33
Q

What are the exlusively ketogenic aa’s

A

leucine and lysine

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34
Q

Which aa’s are both ketogenic and glucogenic

A

isoleucine, threonine and the big/phenyl ones

ile, thr, tyr, phe, trp

35
Q

Componenets of the endomembrane system

A

smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi

36
Q

What energy source does the brain use

A

Glucose

-If glucose runs out -> ketogenesis

37
Q

Kw equation

A

Kw = 10^-14 = [H+][OH-]

38
Q

SN2 steps

A

One step

  • Strong nuc attacks and good leaving group leaves
  • Stereochemistry is flipped
39
Q

Mnemonic for motor proteins

A

Myosin moves along actin
- M in myosin for move
Dynein: Drags it in (towards - end in to center of cell)
Kinesin: Kicks it out (towards + end out of cell)

40
Q

Kinesin function

A

Transport motor protein that moves things anterograde

  • Towards extracellular side of cell
  • Towards the + end
41
Q

Dynein Function

A

Transport motor portein that moves things retrograde

  • Towards center/nucleus of cell
  • Towards the - end
42
Q

pKa of N terminus and C terminus

A

C: is around 2
N: is 9-10ish

43
Q

pKa’s of the important aa’s

A 
Asp: 3.8ish
Glu: 4.3ish
Cys: 8ish
Lys: 10.5ish
Arg: 12.5ish
His: 6ish
Almost every other aa: like 5.5ish
44
Q

What direction is amino acid sequence written in and synthesized in

A

N to C terminus

45
Q

Ubiquitination function

A

Targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome

46
Q

REducing vs denaturing conditions

A

Reducing: quarternary and disulfide bonds
-Like how a detegent messes up golding of micelles
Denatuation: Quaternary like ionic bonds between structures and tertiary structure

47
Q

Prion function

A

Infectious protein linked to abnormal folding of proteins

48
Q

Path of blood in digestive system

A
  1. Products absorbed into capillaries within villi of small intestine
  2. Digested food molecuels travel through hepatic portal veins to liver
  3. Hepatic veins deliver blood directly to circulation
49
Q

Protease function

A

Digests proteins into smaller fragments

50
Q

Do proteases inactivate or activate proteins

A

Can be both

-Sometimes proteins like pepsinogen need to be cleaved into active form -> pepsin

51
Q

Centrosomes def

A

Place where all microtubules originate from

52
Q

SEVEN UP mnemonic for path of sperm

A 
S: Seminiferous tubules
E: Epidydmis
V: Vas deferens
E: Ejaculatory duct
N: Nothing
U: urethra
P: Penis
53
Q

Tollen’s test

A

Looks for reducing sugar

-Surcrase is the only nonreducing sugar to know

54
Q

Dpendency ratio def

A

Population of less than 18y/o + >65 y/o divided by whole population

55
Q

Linguistic determinism vs linguistic relaitivty

A

Determ: Meaning is created by language
relativity: there is some meaning provided by language

56
Q

Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

A

Retro: Can’t remember old memories before accident
Antero: Can’t make new memories after accident

57
Q

Proactive vs retroactive interference

A

Pro - inactive: old info intereferes with new

Retro -inactive: new info interferes with old

58
Q

Socioeconomic gradient of health

A

Each step up the hierarchy class leads to better health outcomes

59
Q

Alzheimer’s biological basis

A

Beta amyloid plaques and neurfibrillary tangles inc specifically in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala

60
Q

Cognitive Behavioral therapy

A

Addresses both cognitive and behavioural components of addiction.
Patient learn to recognize problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns and coping behaviors.
They learn to anticipate problematic situations

61
Q

Exchange mobility

A

When one person moves up a social class, one has to go down to offset this imbalance

62
Q

Reactivity order acyl chloride to carboxyl

A

Acyl chloride, anhydride, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, ester, ketone, carboxyl

63
Q

Venturi effect

A

Q = A1v1 = A2v2
v=velocity
A=cross sectional area

64
Q

Coordinate covalent bonds

A

Electrons come from same atom

Ex: Lewis acid base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor

65
Q

Coordination number def

A

Number of atoms/ions immediately surrounding a central atom in a complex crystal

66
Q

Where are the H-bonds in secondary structure

A

Backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens

67
Q

Sliding filament steps

A

First, myosin is bound to ADP+Pi and is also bound to actin (rigor conformation)

ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin, which causes the power stroke (contraction)

New ATP binds to myosin and detaches it from actin

ATP hydrolysis repositions myosin so it’s ready for another cycle (this repositioning puts myosin into the high energy conformation)

68
Q

Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

Change beliefs or change behavior

-More likely to adjust attitudes to align with their behavior

69
Q

Morphine function

A

Endorphin

-Endogenous morphine is an opiate

70
Q

Anterograde vs Retrograde amnesia

A 
Antero = after -> can't make new memories
Retro = before -> can't remember old memories
71
Q

Le chatelier’s principle for heat if exothermic

A

If exothermic, heat is released so heat is a product

  • So inc temp would add heat which is a product
  • This would shift the equilibrium to the left and vice versa for heat removed
72
Q

Le chatelier’s principle for heat if endothermic

A

Heat is absorbed into the system so heat is a reactant

  • So if heat is added, a reactant is added -> equilibrium is shifted to the right
  • Vice versa if heat is removed, would shift to left
73
Q

Le chatelier’s principle for heat for volume

A

-Pressure is inversely related to volume
Inc in volume -> equil shifts towards more mols of gas
Dec in volume -> equil shifts towards less mols of gas

74
Q

Le chatelier’s principle for heat for pressure

A

Inc in pressure -> equil shifts towards less mols of gas

Dec in pressure -> equil shifts towards more moles of gas

75
Q

Triganol planar vs triganol pyramidal bond angles

A

Tetrahedral = 109.5 degrees

Pyramidal- > lone pair elecron clouds push against each other to make bond smaller -> 107ish degrees

76
Q

Metathesis reaction def

A

Double displacement rxn when two reactants exchange cations

-One product is insoluble

77
Q

Lyman vs Paschen

A 
Paschen = IR
Lyman = UV
78
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitor only binds to what

A

The enzyme substrate complex

79
Q

Alpha helices are stabilized by what

A

held together by H bonds between carboxyl O and amide N

80
Q

Difference in stabilities between secondary and tertiary structures

A

Tertiary is between side chain interactinos

-Secondary is H-bonding

81
Q

What is the precursor to cholesterol

A

Squalene (a terpene)

82
Q

Exonuclease functions

A

Proofreading mechanisms where it excises nucleotide mismatches

83
Q

Penetrance vs variable expressivity

A

Penetrance is population level
-If a person has a genotype will they show phenotype
Variable expressivity is individual level
-If person has genotype, to what extent will the phenotype manifest

MCAT (12 decks)

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