AAMC Tests Flashcards
Optimal arousal theory for simple tasks
More arousal and more people leads to high performance
Optimal arousal theory for complex tasks
Bell curve for arousal
- Too low or too high arousal leads to low performance
- Need medium arousal to perform successfully
How does electrical conductivity in the skin measure arousal
Measures sympathetic arousal
-Leads to sweat which have ions in them and are conductive
General adaptation syndrome stages
Alert
Resistance
Exhaustion (if no rest period)
What is the magic number for working memory
7 plus or minus 2
Priming def
Association of something to remember something
Chunking
Breaking up something you have to remember into parts to make it easier to recall
Role strain
Difficulty performing at one specific role
Ex: my role is a student and its super hard
Role conflict
Multiple rules you’re juggling
-Hard to be between these roles
Mixed-methods study def
Combines both qualitative and quantitative studies
Gentrification def
When re-urbanization targets the wealthier community and the people who used to live there are pushed out
-Leads to greater inequality in cities
In group vs peer group
In group; who you identify with
Peer: your homies
Habituation vs dishabituation
In habituation, person tunes out the
stimulus.
Dishabituation occurs when previously habituated stimulus is removed.
What organelles do RBCs not have
No ribosomes, mitochondria, ER or nucleus
Where are endothelial cells located
Anywhere there’s vasculature
Where does bonding occur between nucleotides in DNA
Between the 5’ phosphate and the 3’ hydroxyl group
Where does bonding occur between nucleotides in RNA
Same binding
-The only difference is there’s an extra OH attached to RNA at the 2’ end
Nucleotide pnemonic for thymine
Thymine two tits
-Two carbonyl groups
Nucleotide pnemonic for for adenine
Adenine always alone above
-Only substituent (NH3) is above
Nucleotide pnemonic for cytosine
Cytosine has a heavy cock
- Drooping carbonyl
- Carbonyl groups is pointed downwards (diaganol)
Nucleotide pnemonic for guanine
Guanine gets girls with its excited erect cock
-Carbonyl pointed upwards
What is the full name of NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
What is the full name of FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
As you move from renal cortex to renal medulla how does ionic gradient change in interstitial fluid
-What’s the context of this change
It increases
- As you move from cortex into descending loop of henle, water diffuses out to equalize solute concentration
- As you move up ascending loop of henle to the cortex, ions diffuse out
What is the countercurrent multipplier system of the nephron
Flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle is in the opposite direction from the flow of blood through the vasa recta
-This means filtrate constantly is exposed to hypertonic blood -> max absorption of water
How is the countercurrent multiplier system of the nephron facilitated by the different limbs of henle
The descending loop is permebale to water not salts
-This means that max absorption of water via osmosis
-Takes advantage of inc medullary osmolarity
The ascending loop is only permeable to salts not water
-This means that salt absorption is maximized
-Takes advantage of dec medullary osmolarity
What is blood osmolairty in relation to the kidneys
Amount of solute in the blood (ions)
-Dictates movement of water and ions in nephron
What is the cell plate composed of during cytokinesis
Microhilaments
What is a signal sequence
It directs a protein to a specific cellular location
What is the function of the chaperone proteins
Assist with folding of proteins
Where are promoters located
On introns/pre-mRNA
Process of Sanger sequencing
Includes an enzyme that removes the 3’ OH and the structure of DNA falls apart
-Then DNA segments are separated
What are the exlusively ketogenic aa’s
leucine and lysine
Which aa’s are both ketogenic and glucogenic
isoleucine, threonine and the big/phenyl ones
ile, thr, tyr, phe, trp
Componenets of the endomembrane system
smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi
What energy source does the brain use
Glucose
-If glucose runs out -> ketogenesis
Kw equation
Kw = 10^-14 = [H+][OH-]
SN2 steps
One step
- Strong nuc attacks and good leaving group leaves
- Stereochemistry is flipped
Mnemonic for motor proteins
Myosin moves along actin
- M in myosin for move
Dynein: Drags it in (towards - end in to center of cell)
Kinesin: Kicks it out (towards + end out of cell)
Kinesin function
Transport motor protein that moves things anterograde
- Towards extracellular side of cell
- Towards the + end
Dynein Function
Transport motor portein that moves things retrograde
- Towards center/nucleus of cell
- Towards the - end
pKa of N terminus and C terminus
C: is around 2
N: is 9-10ish
pKa’s of the important aa’s
Asp: 3.8ish Glu: 4.3ish Cys: 8ish Lys: 10.5ish Arg: 12.5ish His: 6ish Almost every other aa: like 5.5ish
What direction is amino acid sequence written in and synthesized in
N to C terminus
Ubiquitination function
Targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
REducing vs denaturing conditions
Reducing: quarternary and disulfide bonds
-Like how a detegent messes up golding of micelles
Denatuation: Quaternary like ionic bonds between structures and tertiary structure
Prion function
Infectious protein linked to abnormal folding of proteins
Path of blood in digestive system
- Products absorbed into capillaries within villi of small intestine
- Digested food molecuels travel through hepatic portal veins to liver
- Hepatic veins deliver blood directly to circulation
Protease function
Digests proteins into smaller fragments
Do proteases inactivate or activate proteins
Can be both
-Sometimes proteins like pepsinogen need to be cleaved into active form -> pepsin
Centrosomes def
Place where all microtubules originate from
SEVEN UP mnemonic for path of sperm
S: Seminiferous tubules E: Epidydmis V: Vas deferens E: Ejaculatory duct N: Nothing U: urethra P: Penis
Tollen’s test
Looks for reducing sugar
-Surcrase is the only nonreducing sugar to know
Dpendency ratio def
Population of less than 18y/o + >65 y/o divided by whole population
Linguistic determinism vs linguistic relaitivty
Determ: Meaning is created by language
relativity: there is some meaning provided by language
Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia
Retro: Can’t remember old memories before accident
Antero: Can’t make new memories after accident
Proactive vs retroactive interference
Pro - inactive: old info intereferes with new
Retro -inactive: new info interferes with old
Socioeconomic gradient of health
Each step up the hierarchy class leads to better health outcomes
Alzheimer’s biological basis
Beta amyloid plaques and neurfibrillary tangles inc specifically in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Cognitive Behavioral therapy
Addresses both cognitive and behavioural components of addiction.
Patient learn to recognize problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns and coping behaviors.
They learn to anticipate problematic situations
Exchange mobility
When one person moves up a social class, one has to go down to offset this imbalance
Reactivity order acyl chloride to carboxyl
Acyl chloride, anhydride, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, ester, ketone, carboxyl
Venturi effect
Q = A1v1 = A2v2
v=velocity
A=cross sectional area
Coordinate covalent bonds
Electrons come from same atom
Ex: Lewis acid base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor
Coordination number def
Number of atoms/ions immediately surrounding a central atom in a complex crystal
Where are the H-bonds in secondary structure
Backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens
Sliding filament steps
First, myosin is bound to ADP+Pi and is also bound to actin (rigor conformation)
ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin, which causes the power stroke (contraction)
New ATP binds to myosin and detaches it from actin
ATP hydrolysis repositions myosin so it’s ready for another cycle (this repositioning puts myosin into the high energy conformation)
Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change beliefs or change behavior
-More likely to adjust attitudes to align with their behavior
Morphine function
Endorphin
-Endogenous morphine is an opiate
Anterograde vs Retrograde amnesia
Antero = after -> can't make new memories Retro = before -> can't remember old memories
Le chatelier’s principle for heat if exothermic
If exothermic, heat is released so heat is a product
- So inc temp would add heat which is a product
- This would shift the equilibrium to the left and vice versa for heat removed
Le chatelier’s principle for heat if endothermic
Heat is absorbed into the system so heat is a reactant
- So if heat is added, a reactant is added -> equilibrium is shifted to the right
- Vice versa if heat is removed, would shift to left
Le chatelier’s principle for heat for volume
-Pressure is inversely related to volume
Inc in volume -> equil shifts towards more mols of gas
Dec in volume -> equil shifts towards less mols of gas
Le chatelier’s principle for heat for pressure
Inc in pressure -> equil shifts towards less mols of gas
Dec in pressure -> equil shifts towards more moles of gas
Triganol planar vs triganol pyramidal bond angles
Tetrahedral = 109.5 degrees
Pyramidal- > lone pair elecron clouds push against each other to make bond smaller -> 107ish degrees
Metathesis reaction def
Double displacement rxn when two reactants exchange cations
-One product is insoluble
Lyman vs Paschen
Paschen = IR Lyman = UV
Uncompetitive inhibitor only binds to what
The enzyme substrate complex
Alpha helices are stabilized by what
held together by H bonds between carboxyl O and amide N
Difference in stabilities between secondary and tertiary structures
Tertiary is between side chain interactinos
-Secondary is H-bonding
What is the precursor to cholesterol
Squalene (a terpene)
Exonuclease functions
Proofreading mechanisms where it excises nucleotide mismatches
Penetrance vs variable expressivity
Penetrance is population level
-If a person has a genotype will they show phenotype
Variable expressivity is individual level
-If person has genotype, to what extent will the phenotype manifest
