Anything else from AAMC not tests Flashcards
Two main factors that affect blood pressure in heart
Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped over time
Resistance: sphincters, arteries, arterioles
Albumin function
Main osmoregulator of the blood
Is albumin permeable to cell membrane
No
Can prokaryotes do oxidative phosphorylation?
Yes, they have ATP synthase
-ETC is still ran but instead of Mitochondrial membrane, gradient is made via plasma membrane
Path of sperm to fertilization
Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube
Equation for number of possible gametes formed through independent assortment of diploid organisms during meiosis
2^n
n=haploid number of chromosomes
Ex: for AaBbCc, three is the haploid number
Degree phase difference for destructive interference
Completely out of phase
-180 degrees
Trend in frequencies and wavelengths between increasing harmonics
As harmonics inc, freq inc and wavelengths dec
Pressure on an object in relation to density
As density inc, pressure proportionately inc
Nature of charged particle as it travels through an electric field
Accelerates
whether it’s positive or negative acceleration depends on direction
Function of boiling chips
Allows it to boil without superheating
-Does this by breaking surface tension
Why is a hydroxyl group more polar than a carbonyl group
Hydrogen bonding
Red and blue litmus paper definitions
Red litmus paper turns blue in presence of bases
Blue litmus paper turns red in presence of acids
Path of sperm to fertilization
Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube
Number of diff possible gametes formed through independent assortment of diploid organisms during meiosis equation plus example for AaBbCc
AaBbCc is three for haploud number (n)
-Equation is 2^n
Function of aldosterone
Increases Na+ reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct
- Water follows the inc in solute concentration and inc volume of blood
- Inc blood volume leads to inc blood presssure
Where is glycogen broken down, created and stored
Liver
What happens when the appendix ruptures
intestinal contents rush out of digestive system and spills into abdominal cavity
-Creates infection usually
Urea cycle produces what
Ammonium (NH4) and fumarate
Cadherin function
Cell to cell connection of actin cytoskeletons
-Ca dependent
Integrins fucntion
Located in hemidesmosomes
- Connect intermediate filament to extracellular matrix
- Ketain is an example
Selectins
Bind to sugars
Diff between necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis is not programmed cell death
-Causes deaths of nearbycells
Characteristics of apoptosis
Cell shrinkage and blebbing
- Caspase activation
- Cytochrome c relase from mitochondria
What is the slope of a lineweaver burks plot
Km/Vmax
Specific activity of an enzyme def
Amount of enzyme per mg of total protein
-Measures purity of enzymatic mixture
Difference between cytosine and uracil
Damination of amine group of cytosine and replaced with carbonyl group
Disruption of a disulfide bond requires what
Two e- from NADH
What does color change of a titration depend on?
pKA of the indicator
When is the volume of gas no longer negligible
When pressure or temp are changed from standard
Why does speed of light dec as it passes through an optically dense medium
It is absorbed and reemitted by the atomic structure of this medium
Characteristic of both plates of a capacitor
They collect charges of the opposite sign
If object is moving at a constant speed what does this say about the net force on the object in that direction of movement
F=0, because if speed is constant, acceleration=0, so F=ma -> F=m(0m/s^2)=0
Where are proteins produced
By ribosomes on the ER or free ribosomes
What part of gastrulation is the heart a part of
Mesoderm
-Blood vessels = moveoderm
What elements are part of hydroxyapatite
Ca, PO (Phosphate), OH
Diathesis stress model def
Combinatino of biological predispositions and environment on behavior
Long term potentiation difference from neural plasticity
LTP = Strengthening of certain neuron connections Plasticity = recovery of brain/neurons after an accident
Encoding specificity
Enhanced memory when in place in same conditions as learning that info
-When at place where memory was encoded, easier to remember
Are phobias usually classically or operationally conditioned
Classically
How do restriction enzymes spot a splicing site
Palindromic sequences of nucleotides
Primacy vs recency effect on memory types
Primacy: related to long term memories
Recency: related to short term memory
Apoptoic proccesses consist of what
- Cell shrinkage and blebbing
- Cytochrome c released from mitochondria
- Caspases activated
What is the slope of a lineweaver burk plot
Km/Vmax
Low Kd means what for Km
Low Km -> high specificity
How much does each aa weigh
110 kDa
What sociological factors is a health disparity associated with
Closely related to either social or economic factors
wavelengths of red, green and violet
Red: 620-750 nm
Green: 495-570 nm
Violet: 380-450 nm
Rational choice theory def
Cost and benefit considered of actions
How many moles of NADH does it take to break a disulfide bond
1 mol of NADH per disulfide bond
What’s the difference between the structure of GTP and ATP
Guanine vs Adnosine
- Guanine has a carbonyl up and a drooping NH3
- -Guanine gets girls with erect cock
- Adenosine: always alone above
- -Only has an NH3 up
- Both have two rings
IQ full name
Weschsler Scale of Intelligence
Mean and SD of IQ
Mean is 100
SD is plus or minus 15 so 85-115
What is maintained in a person’s memory as they age
Their ability to retrieve general info
fMRI vs PET scan
fMRI = blood flow changes
PET=glucose use in brain
Monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
Mono = identical = share 99% of genetic material Di = fraternal = share 50% of genetic material
Viroids
Single stranded RNA swquences without capsid or envelope
-Silence gene expression in plants
Prions
Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and aggregate together (agglutinate)
Mnemonic for Na+/K+ ATPase
3-2-1 NOKIA 3 Na+ out 2 K+ in 1 ATP used -Ions are always pumped against their concentration gradient to restore resting potential
GPCR steps
- Ligand binds to GPCR
- GPCR undergoes conformational change
- Alpha subunit exchanges GDP to GTP
- Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins
- Target protein relays signal as 2nd messenger and triggers cascade response
- GTP hydrolyzed to GDP -> everything restored to original
H-static pressure pushes fluid where
Out of capillary and into interstitial fluid
Osmotic pressure pushes fluid where
Into capikkary
Function of Atrial Natriuretic peptide ANP
Lowers blood pressure
-Promotes excretion of H20 and Na+
What hormone is Atrial Natriuretic peptide ANP antagonist to
Aldosterone
Expectancy value theory
Amount of motivation for a task is based on expectation of success and the value of success
Glycogenesis enzymes
Glycogen synthase and branching enzyme
Glyogenolysis enzymes
Glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme
How many electrons can CoQ and cytochrome C each hold
CoQ = 2 e-
Cytochrome c = 1 e-
Why can cytochrome c only hold 1 e-
Because its functinal group is heme which toggles between Fe2+ and Fe3+
HPLC mobile and stationary phases
Stationary phase usually polar
- Same as regular Chromatography
- Only difference is computerized and high pressure
Reverse phase hplc
Stationary phase is nonpolar
Gas chromotagraphy function
Mobile phase is gas
- Statonary phase is liquid and polar
- Separates compounds of high boiling points
- Low boiling points are nonpolar so elute fast
What are the two ways of forming amino acids
Gabriel and strecker synthesis
Gabriel synthesis steps
- Alkylation: Central C gains R group
- Hydrolysis: Protecting group on N is hydrolyzed
- Decarboxylation: Heat added and one carboxyl group is removed
gabriel synthesis basic def
Protected and amide and protected carboxyl group removed to form aa
Strecker syntehsis basic def
Aldehyde or ketone react with ammonia to produce an aa
Steps of strecker synthesis
- Aldehyde or ketone react with ammonia in presence of acid to form an imine
- Imine attacked by cyanide base (CN-) to create an alpha amino nitrile
- Hydrolysis of the nitrile yields an alpha amino acid
function of 2,3 BPG
Pushes the O2 curve to the right
-Greater transfer of O2 to tissues because lower affinity of hemoglobin to O2
Reliable means
precise -> reproducible
Accurate means
Valid
-If the results are actually true
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Replace maladaptive thoughts and destructive behvaiors with healthy and positive ones
-Often via systematic desensitization
