Practice 1&2 Tests Terms Flashcards
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
Withdrawal Symptoms are usually the opposite of the drug symptoms
-Pupillary dilation, tremors, increased anxiety, increased respiration, inc HR, vascoconstriction
Drive reduction theory
-Need = deprivation that will energize drive/arousal
-Drive is the aroused state
-Fulfilling drive will reduce the need
Ex: At gym and need water
-Trainer says to do more pushups
-Need=water, drive=thirst
-You do pushups so you can fulfill drive for water
Brain structures with abnormal activity during depression
- Dec. activity in frontal lobe
- Inc activity in limbic structures
- Inc/Dec activity in hippocampus
schemata definition
Mental bluebprint of aspects of the world
-Info can be retrieved from schema
Ethnocentrism
Judging someone else’s culture from position of your own culture
-Own culture is superior
-Leads to cultrual bias and prejudice
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Ethnography
Study of particular people and places
- Captures sense of place and people
- Combines many research methods
Reconstructive bias
- related to memory
- Memories of past are not as accurate as we think
Attrition bias
When participants drop out of a long term experiment or study
Social desirability bias
-tendency of research subjects to choose responses they believe are more socially acceptable rather than ones that reflect their own thoughts/feelings
Selection Bias
Distortion in measure of association due to sample selection not accurately reflecting target population
-Dropouts association between risk and outcome differs from study participants
Deindividuation def
Those in groups more likely to act inapropriately in a crowd that conceal’s the person’s identity
Ex: Black friday: large group of shoppers leads to dec inhibition/guilt and inc antisocial behavior
Informational social influence
Social influence in which individual turns to others for info about what is correct
Three components of emotion
Physiological, cognitive and behavioral
Behavioral component of emotion
body language or facial expressions
Physiolgical component of emotion
Physical response to emotion
-Heart rate inc or muscles tensing
Cognitive component of emotion
Thought processes associated with emotion
-confusion or amazement
List these reinforcement schedules in order of least to most likely to exhibit extinction:
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, continuous reinforcement, variable interval, fixed interval
Variable ratio, variable interval, fixed ratio, fixed interval, continuous
Schacter-Singer theory of emotion
Two-factor theory
- Physiological/cognitive responses simultaneous from experience of emotion
- Don’t feel specific emotion until able to identify reason
schacter singer order of events
event -> physiological response and label situation/identify reason for physiological response -> emotion
shacter singer ex
Man is allergic to bees and sees a bee -> interprets allergy making this threatening and HR inc and starts sweating -> Gets scared
cognitive dissonance
Discomfort experienced when holding 2 or more conflicting cognitions
-Ex: high school math teacher who went to college tells his own son to skip college
Stroop effect
Interference in reaction time of a task
-Name of color is shown in color that is not matching the name
Ex: the word red is shown in green so reaction time is slowed as brain wants to say green
criterion validity
Whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities
-Whether a variable can predict a certain outcome
Construct validity
Extent to which theory is supported by results of research study
-How well the terms in the study are defined
Job applicant takes a performance test during interview process. The test accurately predicts how well employee will perform on the job. What type of validity is this?
Criterion validity
Study develops a questionnaire assessing instance of depression. If the questionnaire accuaretly measures levels of depression, what type of validity is this?
Construct validity
Content validity
Whether a test is represntative of all aspects of the construct
-Must contain all aspects of measurement needed for assessment
An algebra teacher makes final for her class. Some types of algebra are left out. This test is no longer a valid measure of algebra knowledge. What type of validity does this fail to ensure?
Content validity
Attribution theory
How we explain behaviors of others around us
-Situational or dispositional attribution
Vertical movement/mobility def
Movement from one social level to a higher or lower one by changing jobs or marrying
Urbanization def
Pattern of movement from rural areas to cities
Globalization sociology def
Inc amount of interaction and integration on international scale
-exchange of products, serives, ideas, info
Population growth definition
Inc of number of individuals within a certain population
prejudice def
Attitudes that prejudge a group
-Usually negative
-Usually not based on fact
Ex: CEO doesn’t think women can run a team
Discrimination definition
Differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities
-Actions are taken based on negative attitude
Ex: Boss doesn’t promote a person because she’s a woman
What is the main difference between discrimination and prejudice
Prejudice is a belief/attitude
Discrimination is action based on a belief/attitude
Stereotyping
Cognitive decision made based on attitude/belief
-No action taken
Ingratiation def
Attempt to get someone to like you to get them to comply with your requests
Normative influence
Conformation with expectations of others to gain social approval
Informative influence
Looking to group guidance when you don’t know what to do or you assume the group is correct
Ex: Never interacted with infants before so ask a mother what to do because you assume they know what to do
Opponent-process theory application to emotion/motivation
Every process has an affective balance followed by a secondary opponent process
- Opponent process sets in once primary process is quieted
- With repeated exposure, opponent process is strengthened
Application of opponent process theory to addiction
Drug addiction is result of emotional pairing of pleasure and emotional symptoms of withdrawal
- At beginning, drug use has high pleasure, low withdrawal
- Over time, levels of pleasure inc and withdrawal also inc
Expectancy value theory
Amount of motivation req to achieve goal is affected by both person’s expectation of reaching the goal and how much person values reaching that goal
Ex: Person expects to reach goal and values reaching it highly, so less motivation req
Approach approach conflict
Both options are appealing
Avoidant avoidant conflicts
Both options are unappealing
Approach avoidant conflict
One option has both appealing and unappealing aspects
Double approach avoidant conflict
Forced choice between two approach avoidant conflicts
- Choose between two options
- Each option has both appealing and unappealing aspects
Cialdini’s 6 aspects of persuasion
- Reciprocity
- Commitment/consistency
- Beliefs consistent with values - Social proof
- People doing what they observe other people doing - Authority: tendency to obey authority figures
- Liking: the more people liek someone, the more they will be persuaded by them
- Scarcity: conveying limited supply of something can persuade people to want it
Meritocracy def
People achieve social position based on solely ability and achievements
-Extreme social mobility
Horizontal movement/movement def
Individual moving within the same class Ex: accountant switches jobs to another accounting company
Caste system construct of social mobility
Very little mobility
-Role determined entirely by background born into or married to
