Study of particular people and places - Captures sense of place and people - Combines many research methods

- related to memory - Memories of past are not as accurate as we think

Practice 1&2 Tests Terms Flashcards by Justin Less

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal Symptoms are usually the opposite of the drug symptoms
-Pupillary dilation, tremors, increased anxiety, increased respiration, inc HR, vascoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Drive reduction theory

-Need = deprivation that will energize drive/arousal
-Drive is the aroused state
-Fulfilling drive will reduce the need
Ex: At gym and need water
-Trainer says to do more pushups
-Need=water, drive=thirst
-You do pushups so you can fulfill drive for water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brain structures with abnormal activity during depression

Dec. activity in frontal lobe
Inc activity in limbic structures
Inc/Dec activity in hippocampus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

schemata definition

Mental bluebprint of aspects of the world

-Info can be retrieved from schema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ethnocentrism

Judging someone else’s culture from position of your own culture
-Own culture is superior
-Leads to cultrual bias and prejudice
\

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ethnography

Study of particular people and places

Captures sense of place and people
Combines many research methods

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reconstructive bias

related to memory

- Memories of past are not as accurate as we think

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attrition bias

When participants drop out of a long term experiment or study

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social desirability bias

-tendency of research subjects to choose responses they believe are more socially acceptable rather than ones that reflect their own thoughts/feelings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Selection Bias

Distortion in measure of association due to sample selection not accurately reflecting target population
-Dropouts association between risk and outcome differs from study participants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deindividuation def

Those in groups more likely to act inapropriately in a crowd that conceal’s the person’s identity
Ex: Black friday: large group of shoppers leads to dec inhibition/guilt and inc antisocial behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Informational social influence

Social influence in which individual turns to others for info about what is correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three components of emotion

Physiological, cognitive and behavioral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Behavioral component of emotion

body language or facial expressions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiolgical component of emotion

Physical response to emotion

-Heart rate inc or muscles tensing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cognitive component of emotion

Thought processes associated with emotion

-confusion or amazement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List these reinforcement schedules in order of least to most likely to exhibit extinction:
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, continuous reinforcement, variable interval, fixed interval

Variable ratio, variable interval, fixed ratio, fixed interval, continuous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

Two-factor theory

Physiological/cognitive responses simultaneous from experience of emotion
Don’t feel specific emotion until able to identify reason

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

schacter singer order of events

event -> physiological response and label situation/identify reason for physiological response -> emotion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

shacter singer ex

Man is allergic to bees and sees a bee -> interprets allergy making this threatening and HR inc and starts sweating -> Gets scared

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cognitive dissonance

Discomfort experienced when holding 2 or more conflicting cognitions
-Ex: high school math teacher who went to college tells his own son to skip college

Stroop effect

Interference in reaction time of a task
-Name of color is shown in color that is not matching the name
Ex: the word red is shown in green so reaction time is slowed as brain wants to say green

criterion validity

Whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities

-Whether a variable can predict a certain outcome

Construct validity

Extent to which theory is supported by results of research study
-How well the terms in the study are defined

Job applicant takes a performance test during interview process. The test accurately predicts how well employee will perform on the job. What type of validity is this?

Criterion validity

Study develops a questionnaire assessing instance of depression. If the questionnaire accuaretly measures levels of depression, what type of validity is this?

Construct validity

Content validity

Whether a test is represntative of all aspects of the construct -Must contain all aspects of measurement needed for assessment

An algebra teacher makes final for her class. Some types of algebra are left out. This test is no longer a valid measure of algebra knowledge. What type of validity does this fail to ensure?

Content validity

Attribution theory

How we explain behaviors of others around us | -Situational or dispositional attribution

Vertical movement/mobility def

Movement from one social level to a higher or lower one by changing jobs or marrying

Urbanization def

Pattern of movement from rural areas to cities

Globalization sociology def

Inc amount of interaction and integration on international scale -exchange of products, serives, ideas, info

Population growth definition

Inc of number of individuals within a certain population

prejudice def

Attitudes that prejudge a group -Usually negative -Usually not based on fact Ex: CEO doesn't think women can run a team

Discrimination definition

Differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities -Actions are taken based on negative attitude Ex: Boss doesn't promote a person because she's a woman

What is the main difference between discrimination and prejudice

Prejudice is a belief/attitude Discrimination is action based on a belief/attitude

Stereotyping

Cognitive decision made based on attitude/belief | -No action taken

Ingratiation def

Attempt to get someone to like you to get them to comply with your requests

Normative influence

Conformation with expectations of others to gain social approval

Informative influence

Looking to group guidance when you don't know what to do or you assume the group is correct Ex: Never interacted with infants before so ask a mother what to do because you assume they know what to do

Opponent-process theory application to emotion/motivation

Every process has an affective balance followed by a secondary opponent process - Opponent process sets in once primary process is quieted - With repeated exposure, opponent process is strengthened

Application of opponent process theory to addiction

Drug addiction is result of emotional pairing of pleasure and emotional symptoms of withdrawal - At beginning, drug use has high pleasure, low withdrawal - Over time, levels of pleasure inc and withdrawal also inc

Expectancy value theory

Amount of motivation req to achieve goal is affected by both person's expectation of reaching the goal and how much person values reaching that goal Ex: Person expects to reach goal and values reaching it highly, so less motivation req

Approach approach conflict

Both options are appealing

Avoidant avoidant conflicts

Both options are unappealing

Approach avoidant conflict

One option has both appealing and unappealing aspects

Double approach avoidant conflict

Forced choice between two approach avoidant conflicts - Choose between two options - Each option has both appealing and unappealing aspects

Cialdini's 6 aspects of persuasion

1. Reciprocity 2. Commitment/consistency - Beliefs consistent with values 3. Social proof - People doing what they observe other people doing 4. Authority: tendency to obey authority figures 5. Liking: the more people liek someone, the more they will be persuaded by them 6. Scarcity: conveying limited supply of something can persuade people to want it

Meritocracy def

People achieve social position based on solely ability and achievements -Extreme social mobility

Horizontal movement/movement def

``` Individual moving within the same class Ex: accountant switches jobs to another accounting company ```

Caste system construct of social mobility

Very little mobility | -Role determined entirely by background born into or married to