Blueprint Review Videos Flashcards
1
Q
Nativist theory of language def
A
Everyone has innate capacity for language because they all have a language acquisition device
2
Q
Tight junctions
A
Epithelial and endothelial cells
-No leakage between the cells
3
Q
Geometric isomers def
A
Diff orientations around double bonds
-Cis and E-Z designations
4
Q
Residual volume
A
Air left after max exhalation
5
Q
Arachidonic acid is precursor to what
A
Prostaglandins
6
Q
Innate immune system components
A
Skin tightly packed, sweats and sheds
Saliva contains lysozyme to break down bacteria
Complement system tags bacteria for destruction
7
Q
Ascending loop of henle function
A
Na+/K+ flow out of loop and into vasa recta
-Filtrate becomes more dilute
8
Q
Constant region of antibodies
A
Constant across all antibodies of the same type
9
Q
Sapir Whorf hypothesis aka
A
Linguistic relativity
10
Q
OSteoblasts buld bone with what
A
They build bone by producing hydroxyapatite
11
Q
Function of bicarbonate in small intestine
A
Neutralizes acidic chyme that enters duodenum
12
Q
MHC 1 antigens are displayed on what cells
A
All cells
13
Q
Bulbourethral gland aka
A
Cowper’s gland
14
Q
H-static pressure of filtration does what
A
Puts pressure on walls of glomerulus by pushing blood against them
-Stuff pushed into bowman’s capsule = filtrate
15
Q
Spongy bone features
A
Trabecular/cancellous bone
- Less dense and porous
- Houses the bone marrow and blood vessels
16
Q
Umbilical vein function
A
Carries oxygenated blood toward fetal heart
17
Q
Difference between spermatozoa and sperm
A
Sperm are motile
18
Q
Where is smooth ER in highest abundance
A
In the liver because of all of its detoxification and lipid metabolism functino
19
Q
Steps of fatty acid synthesis
A
Reverse of beta oxidation
- Instead of hydration, dehydration
- Instead of oxidation, reductino
20
Q
Does adding solute inc vapor pressure
A
No it decreases it because makes liquid less likely to evaporate
21
Q
What do MHC II receptors do/cell response
A
They display exogenous material on dendritic cells or pfrom previously engulfed by phagocytes
- Helper T cells aka CD4 T cells secrete cytokines to bring other immune cells to the site
- Also recruit other innate immune cells to the site
22
Q
When is oxytocin released
A
At end of pregnancy to stimulate uterine contractions of birth
23
Q
Surfactant function
A
Reduces surface tension in the in the alveoli
-Insufficient surfactant leads to collapsed lungs
24
Q
EPitope
A
Site on antigen recognized by antibodies
25
Vital capacity
Max amount of air that can be exhaled
26
Selectins
Mediate inflammatory response
- Leukocytes stick to selectins to enter infected area
- Interact with cytokines
27
G actin vs F actin
G: monomer form
F: polymer form of actin
28
Leydig cells function
Secrete testosterone and other androgens
29
of carbons in short medium and long chain fatty acids
Short: less than or equal to 5 Cs
Medium: 6-12 Cs
Long: 13-21 Cs
30
Cleavage def
As zygote travels through fallopian tube to uterus, undergoes series of mitotic divisions
-Maintains same volume but # of cells inc
31
What is gastrin released by
G cells in the stomach
32
Difference between upper and loewr halves of ascending loop of henle
Lower half: passive transport because high medulla concentration
Upper half: active transport because low cortex concentration
33
What phase of menstrual cycle do proliferative and menstruation phase of uterine cycle overlap with
Follicular phase
34
DCT function
Ca2+, Na+, Cl- reabsorbed
- H+ can either be secreted or absorbed depending on bicarbonate buffer system
- Na+ inc reabsorption leads to inc H20 reabsorption
35
Types of intramolecular forces
Ionic, covalent, metallic
36
When do secondary oocytes transform into zygotes
- They are arrested in metaphase II
- Only continue with meiosis II if fertilized
- Forms one Zygote and one polar body
37
ER membranes continuous with what
The ER is enclosed by a double membrane that is continuous with the nuclear membrane
38
Luteal phase of menstrual cycle
After ovum is released, follicle transformed into corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone
- Progesterone has negative feedback loop on LH
- At end of phase, corpus luteum degenerates and cycle restarts
39
species at half equiv point
Halfway on the level/plateau part of the curve
| -Mol of acid=mol of conj base
40
Function of PCT
Reabsorbs H20, aa's, glucose, ions
| -Secretion of waste pushed further into nephron
41
Function of thromboxins
Blood clotting
42
Smooth ER function
Lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, detoxificatino
43
Proliferative phase of Uterine cycle
Uterine endometrium thickens and enriched with blood vessels
| -Caused by Estrogen release during follicular phase
44
CCK function
- Gall bladder contraction -> releases bile to emulsify fat
- Dec stomach motility
- Inhibits somatostatin to promote satiety
- Induces release of pancreatic enzymes (pancreas sphincter relaxed)
45
Where does reabsorbed materials go in PCT
Returns to bloodstream via peritubular capillaries
46
Appendicualr skeleton function
Movement
47
Vulva def
External female reproductive anatomy
48
Inflammation def
vasodilation to inc blood flow to area and allows immmune cells to reach damaged tissue quickly
49
Hydroxyapatite definition
Storage deposit for calcium and phosphate
50
Diff between desmosomes and adherens junction
Desmo: Use intermediate filaments linked by cadherins
51
Golgi function
Receives proteins packed vesicles and transmits to cell membrane
52
Epiphyseal plate def
Cartilage for bone growth that is replaced in adulthood with bone via ossification
53
Neurolation process
1. Neural plate forms neural folds and ventral neural groove
2. Folds meet to form neural tube (CNS)
3. Neural Crest = PNS
54
If implantation occurs, how does the corpus luteum not get degenerated
The blastocyst secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum until the placenta can produce and secrete progesterone
55
Intra vs intermolecular forces
intra: Hold atoms together as molecules
| - Inter: bonds between separate molecules
56
how do osteocytes communicate with each other
Via canaliculi
57
Spermatogonoum to secondary spermatocyte pathway
Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2n)
- They undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (1n)
- They then undergo meiosis II to form 4 secondary spermatocytes
58
Cadherins
Calcium adhesion proteins
| -Connect cells to cells in desmosomes and adherens junctions
59
Residual folvume
Air left after max exhalation
60
What phase of menstrual cycle does secretory phase of uterine cycle overlap with
Luteal phase
| -This is because thickening of endometrium needs corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
61
What is the fundamental unit of the bone
The osteon which houses the lamallae with the Haversian canal for blood vessels and nerves
62
What secretes HCl
Parietal cells in the stomach
63
Which cells are active in the adaptive immune system
B and T cells
64
beta oxidation for odd numbered carbon fatty acids
Forms propionyl CoA which can be converted to succinyl CoA and enters TCA cycle
65
Centromeres
Repetitive Sequences with high GC content that hold chromatids together
66
Function of endoskeleton
Provides structural support from inside body
67
Umbilical artery function
Carries deoxygenated blood toward placenta and eventually to mom
68
Calcitonin secreted by what
Thyroid gland
69
Mnemonic for Killer T cells
CD Hate cells = CD 8 cells = Killer T cells
70
How does molality differ from molarity
Molarity is over L of solution not solvent
| -Molality is over kg not liters
71
Intermediate filaments
Structural support to cell and cell to cell adhesion
72
Uterine cycle Menstruation phase
Uterine endometrium thins
| -Sloughed off
73
Resistance relation to voltage drop
Directly proportional
74
Who created the nativist theory of language
Chromsky
75
Function of HCl in stomach
Cleaves pepsinogen into active pepsin
76
Morula def
16 cell zygote
77
Priority rules for E-Z classifications
Highest molecular weight equals highest priority
| -If idnetical element, go to next bonded atom
78
Electrical signal propagation through heart pathway
Starts with Sinoatrial node in R atrium
- Picked up by atrioventricular node to transmit signal to ventricles
- Then Bundle of His and purkinje Fibers that relay message to rest of ventricles
79
Red vs yellow bone marrow
Red: hematopoiesis
_Creates all RBCs and WBCs
Yellow: Adipocytes/fat tissues
80
Voltage relation to electric potentials
It is the difference between electric potentials
81
Relatino between vapor pressure and temp
Pressure inc with temp
| -This is because higher temp means higher energy of molecules and more chance of evaporation
82
Epidymis function
Storage and further maturation of spermatozoa
| -They gain their motility
83
Function of prostaglandins
Mediate pain and inflammatory responses
84
What releases pepsinoegen
Chief cells in stomach
85
Which WBCs are granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
86
If the solution an effective buffer at the equiv point
No
87
Arachidonic acid precurso to what
Prostaglandin
88
Gastrin function
Stimulates secretion of HCl from parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells
-Increases stomach motility to send chyme into duodenum
89
Equiv point of strong acid titrating a weak base
Conj acid of base makes pH more acidic
90
Sertoli cells functino
Release factors needed for sperm maturation
91
How do anitbodies remain diverse if they're so specific to an antigen
There is high genetic diversity in the binding sites
92
Calcitriol
Derivative of Vitamin D
| -Inc blood Ca2+ levels along with parathyroid hormone
93
Scrotum function
Maintains temp optimal for spermatogenesis
94
What is the ploidy of a zygote
Once sperm and egg combine to form zygote, it is 2n
95
What does negative pressure breathing mean
That the pressure in the lungs is negative when compared to the ambient pressure (outside of the lungs)
96
Placenta function
Exchanges nutrients and waste/etc with mother
| -Secretes hCG, progesterone and estrogen
97
tidal volumee
Volume of air in each breath
98
Solute concentration of renal medulla and cortex
Medulla: High Na+ solute concentration
Cortex: Low Na+ solute concentration
99
Ex of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins and Thromboxins
100
Gas direction of movement of alveoli
Oxygen from alveoli into the blood vessels
| -CO2 from vessels into alveoli to be exhaled
101
What structure is upset during protein denaturation
All except for primary structure because peptide bonds are much stronger than the bonds of the other structures
102
Beta oxidation occurs where
mitochondrial matrix
103
Inspiratory reserve air:
Additional air possible to be inhaled past tidal volume
104
When does the menstrual cycle occur
Every 28 days from puberty to menopause
105
Semen function
Weakly basic properties to protect sperm from acidity of female reproductive tract
106
Transposons def
Mobile genetic elements that can jump to other parts of genomes
-Can eitehr code for reverse transcriptase to re insert or encode an enzyme that splieces it out of the DNA to reinsert
107
Linguistic relativity def
Grammatical categories and vocab influence thought
| -Must have some link to cognition
108
What is filtrate composed of
Salts, vitamins glucose, aa's, no proteins
109
When is gastrin released
In response to food in stomach
110
Which fatty acid formed in fatty acid synthesis
Only can form palmitic acid
| -This can be converted into otther fatty acids after
111
What causes CCK to be released
Fat in the small intestine
112
Gap junctions
Connect cytoplasm of two cells to allow for quick transfer of molecules
113
Amino vs Carboxypeptidases
Amino cleave at N terminal
| Carboxy cleave at C terminal
114
Metallic bonds def
Electrsons from sea of e- between two metals
| -Helps with metals ability to be good conductors
115
Why are alveoli tightly packed
Multiplies the surface area of the lungs
116
Eosinophils
Parasitic infections
117
Species at quiv point
mol of acid = mol of base
118
Magnitude of e-field
Change in voltage over distance
| -DeltaV/d
119
Natural killer cells
Target and destory infected cells
120
How often does mutarotation happen
All the time
| -Alpha and beta anomers are constantly flipping
121
When can you use MV=MV
Only at neutralization point
- Because mol acid and mol base are equal
- Only for monoprotic acids and bases
122
What type of cells line the trachea
Goblet and ciliated epithelial cells
- Mucous from goblet cells traps bacteria
- Cilia push the bacteria back up to the oral cavity
123
Voltage drop def
Change in electric potential across components of a circuit
124
When does a blastula become a gastrula
When it undergoes gastrulation
| -Gastrulation = formation of ecto, endo, moveoderm
125
Where does filtrate go after Collecting duct
Goes to renal pelvis and then excreted
126
Where are T cells created and mature
Produced in bone marrow and mature in the thymus
127
GnRH function
Stimulates puberty and anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
-Also leads to secretion of androgens and estrogens
128
What type of agen is SDS
A detergent
| -Disrupts H-phobic interactions
129
What is CCK released by
Small intestine
130
Steps of beta oxidation
1. Oxidation: Forms an alkene bond
- FAD reduced to FAD
2. Hydration: Adds an H20 across double bond to insert an OH at the beta carbon
3. Oxidation: Oxidize that beta OH to a carbonyl
- Nad+ reduced to NADH
4. Thiolysis: chops off the acetyl CoA at C3
- Repeat steps as acyl-CoA keeps getting shorter
131
Humoral response of immune system
B cells either transform into plasma cells or memory B cells
- Memory B cells what until body comes into contact with the antigen again
- Plasma cells produce antibodies for immediate effect but die fast
132
Diff in proteins produced by bound vs free ribosomes
Membrane bound: usually for extracellular or membrane functions
-Free: proteins for intracellular processes
133
Humoral vs Cell mediated response done by which cells
```
Humoral = B cells and antibodies
Cell-mediated = T cells and just a lot of other cells
```
134
Synovial vs fibrous vs cartilaginous joints
Syn: Freely movable joints that meet in synovial cavity
Fibr: Hold two bones together with firbous connective tissue
Cart: Intermediate between the other two
135
Collecting duct function
More H20 reabsorption via aquaporins
136
Fatty acid syntehsis occurs where
In the cytosol
137
What is necessary to use henderson hasselbach
Conjugate pair
| -Buffer
138
What can current be measured in not fahrads
C/s, W/V, V/ohms
139
Defensins
Broad spectrum microbial antibodies in respiratory system
140
Axial skeleton function
CNS/protectino of brain heart and lungs
141
Follicular phase of mmenstrual cycle
Follicle matures
- Rise in FSH -> induces follicular development
- Rise in estorgen -> positive feedback loop on FSH and LH
142
When do oogonium differentiate into primary oocytes
When females are fetuses
143
What type of isomer is a tautomer
Type of structural isomer
144
Positive vs negative selection of T cells
Positive: T-cells that aren't reactive enough
Negative: T-cells that are autoimmune
145
What happens when the diaphragm contracts
- It moves down so volume inc in the lungs
- This leads to lower pressure
- Air rushes into the lungs due to negative pressure breathing because pressure in lungs is lower than ambient air pressure
146
Pepsiinogen function
When cleaved into active pepsin, breaks down proteins
147
Bulbourethral gland function
Creates pre-ejaculate to lubricate urethra
148
Tautomers def
Interconvert with each other at equilibirum
149
Alkalemia vs acidemia
Alk: Too basic blood
Acid: Too acidic blood
150
Types of reducing agents
2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol
| -Reduce disulfide bonds to reform SH groups on both Cys residues
151
Peroxisome function
Neutralizes peroxides to protect against oxidative stress
| -Breaks down fatty acid chains via beta oxidation
152
What types of cells are innate
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
153
Analyte def titrant def
Analyte: solution being analyzed
| -Titrnt: what'e being added to the soln
154
Field lines vs equipotential lines
Field: Point away from positive charge and toward negative
- Equipotential: surround source charges
- Perpendicular to field lines
155
How are long chain fatty acids brought into mito
By carnitine shuttle
156
Where does a fertilzed ovum go
Implants in uterus wall
157
Secretory phase menstural cycle
Uterine endometrium continues to thicken as a result of inc progesterone
- If blastocyst implants in endometrium, pregnancy continues
- If not, cycle resets
158
Expiratory reserve air
Additional air posssible to be exhaled past tidal volume
159
Function of prostaglandin
Blood clotting and inflammatin
160
MHC II receptors are found on what types of cells
Only on macrophages and dendritic cells
161
Integrins functino
Link cytoskeleton to EXC matrix
| -Present in hemidesmosomes
162
Ketogenesis products
Forms 2 acetyl-CoAs that are converted into acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate
163
Treadmilling
Addint to + end and subtracting from minus end at constant equal rights
-Helps microtubules get around
164
What is compact bone used for
Hard and dense
| -Structural support and leverage for movement
165
Descending loop of henle function
H20 diffuses out of loop via osmosis
- H20 picked up by vasa recta and returns to bloodstream
- Less water concentrates filtrate
166
Monocytes
differentiate into macrophages and denritic cells
167
Sperm steps of fertilized a secondary oocyte
1. Must pass through corona radiata and zona pellucida to make contact with plasma membrane
2. Acrosomal reaction pushes sperm into cell of secondary oocyte
3. Egg releases cortical granules to prevent polyspermy
168
Neurophils
Bacteria destroyed via phagocytosis
169
Chair confomrations orientation of bulky groups
equitorial
170
Basophils and mast cells function
Secrete histamine
171
What do capollaries in nasal cavity and trachea do when its hot and col
When hot, dilate
| -Constrict when cold
172
Microtubules function
Maintain structural integrity of cells and help motor proteins traffic vesicles
- Help when two centrosomes create spindle fibers in mitosis
- Also helpful in eukaryote flagella (movement)
- Cilia (surface area)
173
Secretin function
- Slows gastric emptying
| - Induces bicarbonate release
174
Ovulation phase of menstrual cycle
Ovum is released as result of LH and FSH surge
| -This surge created by estrogen levels
175
Does adding solute inc boiling point and freezing point
Inc boiling point
| Dec freezing
176
What type of bonding are H-bonds
A type of dipole dipole bonding
| -Strongest type
177
Vapor pressure def
Whe liquid exposed to air, some evaporates into gas until the two phases are in equilibrim
-The pressure exerted by the gas to make more liquid evaporate is the vapor pressure
178
Where are B cells created and mature
Created in the bone marrow
| -Migrate to secondary lymphoid where they interact with antigen presenting cells and mature there
179
Kinesin vs Dynein
K: Kicks it out -> anterograde
- minus to plus movement -> towards membrane
D: drags it in -> retrograde
- plus to minus -> towards the organelles within the cell
180
Hypervariable region of the antibody
Has antigen binding site with one to one specificity with one antigen
181
What type of cell recognizes MHC 1 antigens
Recognized by CD8 T cells aka Killer T cells
| -They inject cytotoxic materials into the cells to be drestoryed
182
Function of double membrane of the ER
To inc surface area
183
When do primary oocytes transform into secondary oocytes
They are arrested in prophase I until puberty
| -Then continue meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body
184
Diff between tautomers and resonance structures
Resonance underlie a single structure
185
Blastula anatomy
Fluid filled cavity -> blastocoel
Trophoblast -> outer layer of cells -> turns into placenta
Inner cell mass -> later develops into amniotic sac where fetus develops
186
Microfilaments functino
Forms cleavage furrow of mitosis and interact with myosin
187
Equiv point of strong base titrating a weak acid
Higher than if it were a strong acid
- Conj base affects pH because weak accid doesn't fullly dissociate
- Makes pH more basic
188
Linguistic determinism
Grammatical categories determine thought completely
189
How is primary structure broken down
Via proteases that hydrolyze peptide bonds
190
Cis and trans vs E-Z classifications
For cis/trans must be identical substituents across a double bond
191
What type of ER is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
like the smooth ER
