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1
Q

Nativist theory of language def

A

Everyone has innate capacity for language because they all have a language acquisition device

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2
Q

Tight junctions

A

Epithelial and endothelial cells

-No leakage between the cells

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3
Q

Geometric isomers def

A

Diff orientations around double bonds

-Cis and E-Z designations

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4
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left after max exhalation

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5
Q

Arachidonic acid is precursor to what

A

Prostaglandins

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6
Q

Innate immune system components

A

Skin tightly packed, sweats and sheds
Saliva contains lysozyme to break down bacteria
Complement system tags bacteria for destruction

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7
Q

Ascending loop of henle function

A

Na+/K+ flow out of loop and into vasa recta

-Filtrate becomes more dilute

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8
Q

Constant region of antibodies

A

Constant across all antibodies of the same type

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9
Q

Sapir Whorf hypothesis aka

A

Linguistic relativity

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10
Q

OSteoblasts buld bone with what

A

They build bone by producing hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

Function of bicarbonate in small intestine

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme that enters duodenum

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12
Q

MHC 1 antigens are displayed on what cells

A

All cells

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13
Q

Bulbourethral gland aka

A

Cowper’s gland

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14
Q

H-static pressure of filtration does what

A

Puts pressure on walls of glomerulus by pushing blood against them
-Stuff pushed into bowman’s capsule = filtrate

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15
Q

Spongy bone features

A

Trabecular/cancellous bone

  • Less dense and porous
  • Houses the bone marrow and blood vessels
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16
Q

Umbilical vein function

A

Carries oxygenated blood toward fetal heart

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17
Q

Difference between spermatozoa and sperm

A

Sperm are motile

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18
Q

Where is smooth ER in highest abundance

A

In the liver because of all of its detoxification and lipid metabolism functino

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19
Q

Steps of fatty acid synthesis

A

Reverse of beta oxidation

  • Instead of hydration, dehydration
  • Instead of oxidation, reductino
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20
Q

Does adding solute inc vapor pressure

A

No it decreases it because makes liquid less likely to evaporate

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21
Q

What do MHC II receptors do/cell response

A

They display exogenous material on dendritic cells or pfrom previously engulfed by phagocytes

  • Helper T cells aka CD4 T cells secrete cytokines to bring other immune cells to the site
  • Also recruit other innate immune cells to the site
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22
Q

When is oxytocin released

A

At end of pregnancy to stimulate uterine contractions of birth

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23
Q

Surfactant function

A

Reduces surface tension in the in the alveoli

-Insufficient surfactant leads to collapsed lungs

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24
Q

EPitope

A

Site on antigen recognized by antibodies

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25
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max amount of air that can be exhaled

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26
Q

Selectins

A

Mediate inflammatory response

  • Leukocytes stick to selectins to enter infected area
  • Interact with cytokines
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27
Q

G actin vs F actin

A

G: monomer form
F: polymer form of actin

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28
Q

Leydig cells function

A

Secrete testosterone and other androgens

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29
Q

of carbons in short medium and long chain fatty acids

A

Short: less than or equal to 5 Cs
Medium: 6-12 Cs
Long: 13-21 Cs

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30
Q

Cleavage def

A

As zygote travels through fallopian tube to uterus, undergoes series of mitotic divisions
-Maintains same volume but # of cells inc

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31
Q

What is gastrin released by

A

G cells in the stomach

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32
Q

Difference between upper and loewr halves of ascending loop of henle

A

Lower half: passive transport because high medulla concentration
Upper half: active transport because low cortex concentration

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33
Q

What phase of menstrual cycle do proliferative and menstruation phase of uterine cycle overlap with

A

Follicular phase

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34
Q

DCT function

A

Ca2+, Na+, Cl- reabsorbed

  • H+ can either be secreted or absorbed depending on bicarbonate buffer system
  • Na+ inc reabsorption leads to inc H20 reabsorption
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35
Q

Types of intramolecular forces

A

Ionic, covalent, metallic

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36
Q

When do secondary oocytes transform into zygotes

A
  • They are arrested in metaphase II
  • Only continue with meiosis II if fertilized
  • Forms one Zygote and one polar body
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37
Q

ER membranes continuous with what

A

The ER is enclosed by a double membrane that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

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38
Q

Luteal phase of menstrual cycle

A

After ovum is released, follicle transformed into corpus luteum

  • Corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone
  • Progesterone has negative feedback loop on LH
  • At end of phase, corpus luteum degenerates and cycle restarts
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39
Q

species at half equiv point

A

Halfway on the level/plateau part of the curve

-Mol of acid=mol of conj base

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40
Q

Function of PCT

A

Reabsorbs H20, aa’s, glucose, ions

-Secretion of waste pushed further into nephron

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41
Q

Function of thromboxins

A

Blood clotting

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42
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, detoxificatino

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43
Q

Proliferative phase of Uterine cycle

A

Uterine endometrium thickens and enriched with blood vessels

-Caused by Estrogen release during follicular phase

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44
Q

CCK function

A
  • Gall bladder contraction -> releases bile to emulsify fat
  • Dec stomach motility
  • Inhibits somatostatin to promote satiety
  • Induces release of pancreatic enzymes (pancreas sphincter relaxed)
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45
Q

Where does reabsorbed materials go in PCT

A

Returns to bloodstream via peritubular capillaries

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46
Q

Appendicualr skeleton function

A

Movement

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47
Q

Vulva def

A

External female reproductive anatomy

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48
Q

Inflammation def

A

vasodilation to inc blood flow to area and allows immmune cells to reach damaged tissue quickly

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49
Q

Hydroxyapatite definition

A

Storage deposit for calcium and phosphate

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50
Q

Diff between desmosomes and adherens junction

A

Desmo: Use intermediate filaments linked by cadherins

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51
Q

Golgi function

A

Receives proteins packed vesicles and transmits to cell membrane

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52
Q

Epiphyseal plate def

A

Cartilage for bone growth that is replaced in adulthood with bone via ossification

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53
Q

Neurolation process

A
  1. Neural plate forms neural folds and ventral neural groove
  2. Folds meet to form neural tube (CNS)
  3. Neural Crest = PNS
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54
Q

If implantation occurs, how does the corpus luteum not get degenerated

A

The blastocyst secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum until the placenta can produce and secrete progesterone

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55
Q

Intra vs intermolecular forces

A

intra: Hold atoms together as molecules

- Inter: bonds between separate molecules

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56
Q

how do osteocytes communicate with each other

A

Via canaliculi

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57
Q

Spermatogonoum to secondary spermatocyte pathway

A

Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2n)

  • They undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (1n)
  • They then undergo meiosis II to form 4 secondary spermatocytes
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58
Q

Cadherins

A

Calcium adhesion proteins

-Connect cells to cells in desmosomes and adherens junctions

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59
Q

Residual folvume

A

Air left after max exhalation

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60
Q

What phase of menstrual cycle does secretory phase of uterine cycle overlap with

A

Luteal phase

-This is because thickening of endometrium needs corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

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61
Q

What is the fundamental unit of the bone

A

The osteon which houses the lamallae with the Haversian canal for blood vessels and nerves

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62
Q

What secretes HCl

A

Parietal cells in the stomach

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63
Q

Which cells are active in the adaptive immune system

A

B and T cells

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64
Q

beta oxidation for odd numbered carbon fatty acids

A

Forms propionyl CoA which can be converted to succinyl CoA and enters TCA cycle

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65
Q

Centromeres

A

Repetitive Sequences with high GC content that hold chromatids together

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66
Q

Function of endoskeleton

A

Provides structural support from inside body

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67
Q

Umbilical artery function

A

Carries deoxygenated blood toward placenta and eventually to mom

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68
Q

Calcitonin secreted by what

A

Thyroid gland

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69
Q

Mnemonic for Killer T cells

A

CD Hate cells = CD 8 cells = Killer T cells

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70
Q

How does molality differ from molarity

A

Molarity is over L of solution not solvent

-Molality is over kg not liters

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71
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Structural support to cell and cell to cell adhesion

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72
Q

Uterine cycle Menstruation phase

A

Uterine endometrium thins

-Sloughed off

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73
Q

Resistance relation to voltage drop

A

Directly proportional

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74
Q

Who created the nativist theory of language

A

Chromsky

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75
Q

Function of HCl in stomach

A

Cleaves pepsinogen into active pepsin

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76
Q

Morula def

A

16 cell zygote

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77
Q

Priority rules for E-Z classifications

A

Highest molecular weight equals highest priority

-If idnetical element, go to next bonded atom

78
Q

Electrical signal propagation through heart pathway

A

Starts with Sinoatrial node in R atrium

  • Picked up by atrioventricular node to transmit signal to ventricles
  • Then Bundle of His and purkinje Fibers that relay message to rest of ventricles
79
Q

Red vs yellow bone marrow

A

Red: hematopoiesis
_Creates all RBCs and WBCs
Yellow: Adipocytes/fat tissues

80
Q

Voltage relation to electric potentials

A

It is the difference between electric potentials

81
Q

Relatino between vapor pressure and temp

A

Pressure inc with temp

-This is because higher temp means higher energy of molecules and more chance of evaporation

82
Q

Epidymis function

A

Storage and further maturation of spermatozoa

-They gain their motility

83
Q

Function of prostaglandins

A

Mediate pain and inflammatory responses

84
Q

What releases pepsinoegen

A

Chief cells in stomach

85
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

86
Q

If the solution an effective buffer at the equiv point

A

No

87
Q

Arachidonic acid precurso to what

A

Prostaglandin

88
Q

Gastrin function

A

Stimulates secretion of HCl from parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells
-Increases stomach motility to send chyme into duodenum

89
Q

Equiv point of strong acid titrating a weak base

A

Conj acid of base makes pH more acidic

90
Q

Sertoli cells functino

A

Release factors needed for sperm maturation

91
Q

How do anitbodies remain diverse if they’re so specific to an antigen

A

There is high genetic diversity in the binding sites

92
Q

Calcitriol

A

Derivative of Vitamin D

-Inc blood Ca2+ levels along with parathyroid hormone

93
Q

Scrotum function

A

Maintains temp optimal for spermatogenesis

94
Q

What is the ploidy of a zygote

A

Once sperm and egg combine to form zygote, it is 2n

95
Q

What does negative pressure breathing mean

A

That the pressure in the lungs is negative when compared to the ambient pressure (outside of the lungs)

96
Q

Placenta function

A

Exchanges nutrients and waste/etc with mother

-Secretes hCG, progesterone and estrogen

97
Q

tidal volumee

A

Volume of air in each breath

98
Q

Solute concentration of renal medulla and cortex

A

Medulla: High Na+ solute concentration
Cortex: Low Na+ solute concentration

99
Q

Ex of Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins and Thromboxins

100
Q

Gas direction of movement of alveoli

A

Oxygen from alveoli into the blood vessels

-CO2 from vessels into alveoli to be exhaled

101
Q

What structure is upset during protein denaturation

A

All except for primary structure because peptide bonds are much stronger than the bonds of the other structures

102
Q

Beta oxidation occurs where

A

mitochondrial matrix

103
Q

Inspiratory reserve air:

A

Additional air possible to be inhaled past tidal volume

104
Q

When does the menstrual cycle occur

A

Every 28 days from puberty to menopause

105
Q

Semen function

A

Weakly basic properties to protect sperm from acidity of female reproductive tract

106
Q

Transposons def

A

Mobile genetic elements that can jump to other parts of genomes
-Can eitehr code for reverse transcriptase to re insert or encode an enzyme that splieces it out of the DNA to reinsert

107
Q

Linguistic relativity def

A

Grammatical categories and vocab influence thought

-Must have some link to cognition

108
Q

What is filtrate composed of

A

Salts, vitamins glucose, aa’s, no proteins

109
Q

When is gastrin released

A

In response to food in stomach

110
Q

Which fatty acid formed in fatty acid synthesis

A

Only can form palmitic acid

-This can be converted into otther fatty acids after

111
Q

What causes CCK to be released

A

Fat in the small intestine

112
Q

Gap junctions

A

Connect cytoplasm of two cells to allow for quick transfer of molecules

113
Q

Amino vs Carboxypeptidases

A

Amino cleave at N terminal

Carboxy cleave at C terminal

114
Q

Metallic bonds def

A

Electrsons from sea of e- between two metals

-Helps with metals ability to be good conductors

115
Q

Why are alveoli tightly packed

A

Multiplies the surface area of the lungs

116
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasitic infections

117
Q

Species at quiv point

A

mol of acid = mol of base

118
Q

Magnitude of e-field

A

Change in voltage over distance

-DeltaV/d

119
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Target and destory infected cells

120
Q

How often does mutarotation happen

A

All the time

-Alpha and beta anomers are constantly flipping

121
Q

When can you use MV=MV

A

Only at neutralization point

  • Because mol acid and mol base are equal
  • Only for monoprotic acids and bases
122
Q

What type of cells line the trachea

A

Goblet and ciliated epithelial cells

  • Mucous from goblet cells traps bacteria
  • Cilia push the bacteria back up to the oral cavity
123
Q

Voltage drop def

A

Change in electric potential across components of a circuit

124
Q

When does a blastula become a gastrula

A

When it undergoes gastrulation

-Gastrulation = formation of ecto, endo, moveoderm

125
Q

Where does filtrate go after Collecting duct

A

Goes to renal pelvis and then excreted

126
Q

Where are T cells created and mature

A

Produced in bone marrow and mature in the thymus

127
Q

GnRH function

A

Stimulates puberty and anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
-Also leads to secretion of androgens and estrogens

128
Q

What type of agen is SDS

A

A detergent

-Disrupts H-phobic interactions

129
Q

What is CCK released by

A

Small intestine

130
Q

Steps of beta oxidation

A
  1. Oxidation: Forms an alkene bond
    - FAD reduced to FAD
  2. Hydration: Adds an H20 across double bond to insert an OH at the beta carbon
  3. Oxidation: Oxidize that beta OH to a carbonyl
    - Nad+ reduced to NADH
  4. Thiolysis: chops off the acetyl CoA at C3
    - Repeat steps as acyl-CoA keeps getting shorter
131
Q

Humoral response of immune system

A

B cells either transform into plasma cells or memory B cells

  • Memory B cells what until body comes into contact with the antigen again
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies for immediate effect but die fast
132
Q

Diff in proteins produced by bound vs free ribosomes

A

Membrane bound: usually for extracellular or membrane functions
-Free: proteins for intracellular processes

133
Q

Humoral vs Cell mediated response done by which cells

A 
Humoral = B cells and antibodies
Cell-mediated = T cells and just a lot of other cells
134
Q

Synovial vs fibrous vs cartilaginous joints

A

Syn: Freely movable joints that meet in synovial cavity
Fibr: Hold two bones together with firbous connective tissue
Cart: Intermediate between the other two

135
Q

Collecting duct function

A

More H20 reabsorption via aquaporins

136
Q

Fatty acid syntehsis occurs where

A

In the cytosol

137
Q

What is necessary to use henderson hasselbach

A

Conjugate pair

-Buffer

138
Q

What can current be measured in not fahrads

A

C/s, W/V, V/ohms

139
Q

Defensins

A

Broad spectrum microbial antibodies in respiratory system

140
Q

Axial skeleton function

A

CNS/protectino of brain heart and lungs

141
Q

Follicular phase of mmenstrual cycle

A

Follicle matures

  • Rise in FSH -> induces follicular development
  • Rise in estorgen -> positive feedback loop on FSH and LH
142
Q

When do oogonium differentiate into primary oocytes

A

When females are fetuses

143
Q

What type of isomer is a tautomer

A

Type of structural isomer

144
Q

Positive vs negative selection of T cells

A

Positive: T-cells that aren’t reactive enough
Negative: T-cells that are autoimmune

145
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts

A
  • It moves down so volume inc in the lungs
  • This leads to lower pressure
  • Air rushes into the lungs due to negative pressure breathing because pressure in lungs is lower than ambient air pressure
146
Q

Pepsiinogen function

A

When cleaved into active pepsin, breaks down proteins

147
Q

Bulbourethral gland function

A

Creates pre-ejaculate to lubricate urethra

148
Q

Tautomers def

A

Interconvert with each other at equilibirum

149
Q

Alkalemia vs acidemia

A

Alk: Too basic blood
Acid: Too acidic blood

150
Q

Types of reducing agents

A

2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol

-Reduce disulfide bonds to reform SH groups on both Cys residues

151
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Neutralizes peroxides to protect against oxidative stress

-Breaks down fatty acid chains via beta oxidation

152
Q

What types of cells are innate

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

153
Q

Analyte def titrant def

A

Analyte: solution being analyzed

-Titrnt: what’e being added to the soln

154
Q

Field lines vs equipotential lines

A

Field: Point away from positive charge and toward negative

  • Equipotential: surround source charges
  • Perpendicular to field lines
155
Q

How are long chain fatty acids brought into mito

A

By carnitine shuttle

156
Q

Where does a fertilzed ovum go

A

Implants in uterus wall

157
Q

Secretory phase menstural cycle

A

Uterine endometrium continues to thicken as a result of inc progesterone

  • If blastocyst implants in endometrium, pregnancy continues
  • If not, cycle resets
158
Q

Expiratory reserve air

A

Additional air posssible to be exhaled past tidal volume

159
Q

Function of prostaglandin

A

Blood clotting and inflammatin

160
Q

MHC II receptors are found on what types of cells

A

Only on macrophages and dendritic cells

161
Q

Integrins functino

A

Link cytoskeleton to EXC matrix

-Present in hemidesmosomes

162
Q

Ketogenesis products

A

Forms 2 acetyl-CoAs that are converted into acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate

163
Q

Treadmilling

A

Addint to + end and subtracting from minus end at constant equal rights
-Helps microtubules get around

164
Q

What is compact bone used for

A

Hard and dense

-Structural support and leverage for movement

165
Q

Descending loop of henle function

A

H20 diffuses out of loop via osmosis

  • H20 picked up by vasa recta and returns to bloodstream
  • Less water concentrates filtrate
166
Q

Monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages and denritic cells

167
Q

Sperm steps of fertilized a secondary oocyte

A
  1. Must pass through corona radiata and zona pellucida to make contact with plasma membrane
  2. Acrosomal reaction pushes sperm into cell of secondary oocyte
  3. Egg releases cortical granules to prevent polyspermy
168
Q

Neurophils

A

Bacteria destroyed via phagocytosis

169
Q

Chair confomrations orientation of bulky groups

A

equitorial

170
Q

Basophils and mast cells function

A

Secrete histamine

171
Q

What do capollaries in nasal cavity and trachea do when its hot and col

A

When hot, dilate

-Constrict when cold

172
Q

Microtubules function

A

Maintain structural integrity of cells and help motor proteins traffic vesicles

  • Help when two centrosomes create spindle fibers in mitosis
  • Also helpful in eukaryote flagella (movement)
  • Cilia (surface area)
173
Q

Secretin function

A
  • Slows gastric emptying

- Induces bicarbonate release

174
Q

Ovulation phase of menstrual cycle

A

Ovum is released as result of LH and FSH surge

-This surge created by estrogen levels

175
Q

Does adding solute inc boiling point and freezing point

A

Inc boiling point

Dec freezing

176
Q

What type of bonding are H-bonds

A

A type of dipole dipole bonding

-Strongest type

177
Q

Vapor pressure def

A

Whe liquid exposed to air, some evaporates into gas until the two phases are in equilibrim
-The pressure exerted by the gas to make more liquid evaporate is the vapor pressure

178
Q

Where are B cells created and mature

A

Created in the bone marrow

-Migrate to secondary lymphoid where they interact with antigen presenting cells and mature there

179
Q

Kinesin vs Dynein

A

K: Kicks it out -> anterograde
- minus to plus movement -> towards membrane
D: drags it in -> retrograde
- plus to minus -> towards the organelles within the cell

180
Q

Hypervariable region of the antibody

A

Has antigen binding site with one to one specificity with one antigen

181
Q

What type of cell recognizes MHC 1 antigens

A

Recognized by CD8 T cells aka Killer T cells

-They inject cytotoxic materials into the cells to be drestoryed

182
Q

Function of double membrane of the ER

A

To inc surface area

183
Q

When do primary oocytes transform into secondary oocytes

A

They are arrested in prophase I until puberty

-Then continue meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body

184
Q

Diff between tautomers and resonance structures

A

Resonance underlie a single structure

185
Q

Blastula anatomy

A

Fluid filled cavity -> blastocoel
Trophoblast -> outer layer of cells -> turns into placenta
Inner cell mass -> later develops into amniotic sac where fetus develops

186
Q

Microfilaments functino

A

Forms cleavage furrow of mitosis and interact with myosin

187
Q

Equiv point of strong base titrating a weak acid

A

Higher than if it were a strong acid

  • Conj base affects pH because weak accid doesn’t fullly dissociate
  • Makes pH more basic
188
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Grammatical categories determine thought completely

189
Q

How is primary structure broken down

A

Via proteases that hydrolyze peptide bonds

190
Q

Cis and trans vs E-Z classifications

A

For cis/trans must be identical substituents across a double bond

191
Q

What type of ER is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

like the smooth ER

MCAT (12 decks)

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