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MCAT > Practice test Unknown Terms > Flashcards

Practice test Unknown Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Microlevel sociological view that analyzes how members of society use and understand the symbols of society that they live in

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2
Q

Looking-Glass Self

A

Idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others and their perception of self

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3
Q

Social cue

A

Non/vocal suggestion that can be positive or negative -Guide conversation and other social interactions -Ex: facial expression, tone of voice, body language

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4
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

More likely to retain info from beginning and end of list

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5
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these experiences Ex: riding a bike

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6
Q

Reticular formation

A

Connected nuclei in brain stem that regulate arousal and sleep-wake transitions -Mediates transition from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention

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7
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency of an individual to search for, interpret or recall info in a way that confirms their beliefs or hypothesis

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8
Q

Feminist theory

A

Examines women’s social roles, experience, interests and politics in various fields

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9
Q

Social vs Cultural Capital

A

• Cultural capital: social asset that helps provide social mobility beyond monetary resources ◦ Ex: style of dress, university education, specialized knowledge • Social Capital: Benefit one receives from one’s social networks ◦ Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society ◦ Ex: peer network, family network, community network

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10
Q

Types of sanctions

A

Sanction: Reinforce norms via rewards/punishments for behaviors Positive: reward for conforming to norms Negative: Punishment for violating norms Formal: Officially recognized and enforced Informal: Unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment

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11
Q

Mediating vs Moderating Variable

A

• Mediating Variable: If present, original predictor/independent variable works indirectly through a more immediate cause to yield the final effect ◦ Adds to overall variance accounted for in data and explains relationship between dependent and independent variables • Moderating Variable: Specifies conditions under which a given predictor is related to an outcome ◦ When a dependent and independent variable are related -Describes the strength/weakness between the two variables

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12
Q

Deindividuation

A

Individual loses self awareness in groups

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13
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to recall those presented first on a list

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14
Q

Self-Perception

A

Notion that a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and concluding that they account this attitude to leading to this behavior Ex: Sees coworker and make rude comment -Think to self wow I must not like her

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15
Q

Conflict theory

A

Sociology viewed through lens of conflict between various classes and groups within society -Involves systematic inequalities that keep power out of hands of lower status groups

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16
Q

Stigma

A

Stigma is extreme disapproval of person based on some behavior/quality of that person

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17
Q

Nigrostriatal Bundle

A

Associated with movement -Damage to this area leads to Parkinson’s disease

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18
Q

Types of Support

A

• Companionship Support: gives someone a sense of social belonging ◦ Companions engage in shared social activities • Emotional Support: ACtions people take to make us feel loved/cared for ◦ Includes bolstering of self-worth ◦ Non-tangible forms of assistance • Instrumental Support: Tangible help that one could provide to an individual • Informational support: sometimes included in category of instrumental support ◦ Help that others offer through provision of information

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19
Q

Self-concept vs self-esteem

A

• Self-concept/self-identity: How someone thinks about/perceives/evaluates themselves ◦ Derived from self-esteem a dan self0efficacy ◦ Existential self: sense of being separate and distinct from others ◦ Categorical self: Being aware that we are separate/distinct from others but exist in the world with others • Self-esteem=self-worth

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20
Q

Cognitive Bias effect

A

Tendency to think in certain ways -Often causes deviations from standard of rationality or good judgement

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21
Q

Heterophily vs Homiphily

A

• Heterophily: Tendency of individuals to collect in diverse groups ◦ Homophily: tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others similar to themselves

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22
Q

Depersonalization

A

Symptom of serious mental illness in which person feels like they have stepped outside of themselves and have no sense of control over behavior

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23
Q

Punishment vs Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement implies reinforcing a certain behavior Positive: adding a stimuli Negative: removing a stimuli Punishment: implies wanting subject to not do something

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24
Q

Freudian Defense Mechanisms

A

Unconscious mind can develop defense mechanisms to protect ego from anxiety or from situations that a person cannot cope

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25
Q

Regency Effect

A

Tendency to recall items near the end of a list

26
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

Noxious stimuli associated with undesirable/unwanted behaviors

27
Q

Cannon-bard vs James-Lange theory

A

• Cannon-bard theory:Physiological response and emotion occur simultaneously ◦ Ex: Man sees bee -> at same time, his heart beat increases, he starts sweating and labels the emotion he’s experiencing as fear • James-Lange Theory: Emotion is experienced in response to a physiological reaction to arousing stimuli

28
Q

Functionalism

A

• Functionalism: Looks at society from large-scale perspective and how each part keeps it stable ◦ Society is heading towards equilibrium: society and social institutions are interdependent and depend on each other to interact as a whole

29
Q

GABA

A

Chief inhibitory NT of the CNS -Principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout nervous system -Decreased levels in patients with anxiety disorders

30
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy

A

Outlines how people prioritize basic physiological needs over other needs in life like safety or belonging ◦ Top priority: physiological needs like food, water, rest, warmth ◦ Next: Safety needs: security ◦ Next: belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships and friends ◦ Next: Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment ◦ Next: Self-actualization: achieving ine’s full potential like creative activitiesq

31
Q

Conformity vs Groupthink

A

• Conformity: adjusting one’s behavior/thoughts to coincide with a group standard • Groupthink: desire for harmony or conformity within a group results in irrational decision making

32
Q

Types of stressors

A

Acute: One stressor present over a short period of time Micro: Small daily hassles -Ex: dealing with traffic or coworkers Crisis: sudden, rare occurrence like a natural disaster -Ex: natural disaster Ambient: chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed by efforts of individual -Ex: economy and climate change

33
Q

Piaget’s vs Kholberg’s Stages of Development

A

Piaget’s apply to children/adolescents and are stages of cognitive development Kholberg’s are stages of moral reasoning for people of all ages -How people reason through moral dilemmas

34
Q

Weber’s Law

A

• Weber’s Law: Just-noticeable difference (change required to perceive a difference in an initial stimulus) is directly proportional to percent change in original stimulus ◦ Student able to perceive change of from 100 to 115 mm in a black dot, JND for a 50 mm dot is 15% greater than 50 mm -> 57.5

35
Q

Methods to increasing power of an analytical study

A
  1. INcrease alpha level 2. Decrease random error 3. Conduct a one-tailed test 4. Expand sample size 5. Increase effect size
36
Q

Self-efficacy vs Self-worth

A

• Self-efficacy: Abiilltiy to effect change ◦ Belief in one’s abilities to succeed in a situation ◦ Can either be strong or weak ◦ If weak, focus on personal failures and negative outcomes • Self-worth: How much value we place on ourselves

37
Q

Urea Group

A

Yep

38
Q

What do pH and pOH equal

A

14

39
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Flow = deltaP*pi*r^4/8Ln

delta P = change in pressure across the pipe

n = viscosity of the fluid

L = length of pipe

r=radius of pipe

40
Q

Equatino for power

A

Power = work/time

Work = change in KE = KE final- KE initial

41
Q

What is surface tension and how is it altered?

A

The contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force

  • Decreases as temp rises
  • Decreases as surface area of fluid rises
42
Q

Chelating agent

A

organic molecule that forms two or more coordinate bonds witha. ametal atom or ion

43
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor alter?

A

Increases Km of given rxn

44
Q

Factors that impact nucleophilic ability

A
  1. solvent - in polar protic solvents, nucleophilic ability increaes as we go down a group
  2. Charge: negative charge makes for stronger nucleophile

3 Sterics: bulkier nucleophiles hinder

  1. EN: as EN increases within a row, nucleophilic ability decreases
45
Q

What is an Imine?

A

A carbon double bonded to a nitrogen atom

46
Q

How to identify R vs S chirality

A
  1. Identify four suibstituents and rank them
  2. If clockwise, R, if counter, S (Clockwise moves to right so R)
  3. If lowest priority group faces you, invert designation
    - If it’s a solid wedge, facing you
47
Q

Positron emission:

A

Component of beta + decay:

=Parent nucleus converts a proton into a neutron while emitting a positron (e+)

48
Q

Beta Minus decay

A

Weak parent nucleus converts a neutron into a proton while emitting an e-

-Atomic mass stays constant because neutron -> proton

49
Q

Beta Plus decay:

A

Synonymous with positron emission

-Parent nucleus converts a proton into a neutron while emitting a positron (e+)

50
Q

Alpha Decay:

A

Atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (He nucleus)

-Atom transformed with a mass number 4 less and an atomic number 2 less than parent species

51
Q

Lipophilic = ?

A

Lipophilic = hydrophobic

Lipophobic = hydrophilic

-Lipophilic: ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and nonpolar solvents

52
Q

What explains why sound wave velocity increases as it travels from air to a liquid medium at same temp.

A

Bulk modulus of medium

  • Sound travels fastes in solids and slowest in gases
  • Speed of sound increases with stiffness/bulk modulus of a material

As density increases, speed of sound is slower

53
Q

Type 1 Restriction Enzyme

A

Cleave at sites remote from recognition site

-Require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine

54
Q

Type II Restriction Enzyme

A

Cleave within or at short specific distances from their recognition sites

-Require Mg2+

55
Q

Type III Restriction enzymes

A

Celave at sites a short distance from their recognition sites

-Require ATP

56
Q

Type IV Restriction enzymes

A

Target modified DNA

-Methylated/hydroxymethylated

57
Q

Azide Group

A

N3-

58
Q

Roll of the Gallbladder

A

Storing and secreting bile for digestion

59
Q

Smooth muscle: How many nuclei, controlled by what division of the nervous system, and do they have striations?

A

No striations

  • Controlled by Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Uninucleated
60
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Part of body’s adaptive immune response

-B-cell activity promotes an antibody response

61
Q
A

MCAT (12 decks)

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