Practice test Unknown Terms Flashcards
Symbolic Interactionism
Microlevel sociological view that analyzes how members of society use and understand the symbols of society that they live in
Looking-Glass Self
Idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others and their perception of self
Social cue
Non/vocal suggestion that can be positive or negative -Guide conversation and other social interactions -Ex: facial expression, tone of voice, body language
Serial Position Effect
More likely to retain info from beginning and end of list
Implicit Memory
Type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these experiences Ex: riding a bike
Reticular formation
Connected nuclei in brain stem that regulate arousal and sleep-wake transitions -Mediates transition from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention
Confirmation Bias
Tendency of an individual to search for, interpret or recall info in a way that confirms their beliefs or hypothesis
Feminist theory
Examines women’s social roles, experience, interests and politics in various fields
Social vs Cultural Capital
• Cultural capital: social asset that helps provide social mobility beyond monetary resources ◦ Ex: style of dress, university education, specialized knowledge • Social Capital: Benefit one receives from one’s social networks ◦ Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society ◦ Ex: peer network, family network, community network
Types of sanctions
Sanction: Reinforce norms via rewards/punishments for behaviors Positive: reward for conforming to norms Negative: Punishment for violating norms Formal: Officially recognized and enforced Informal: Unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment
Mediating vs Moderating Variable
• Mediating Variable: If present, original predictor/independent variable works indirectly through a more immediate cause to yield the final effect ◦ Adds to overall variance accounted for in data and explains relationship between dependent and independent variables • Moderating Variable: Specifies conditions under which a given predictor is related to an outcome ◦ When a dependent and independent variable are related -Describes the strength/weakness between the two variables
Deindividuation
Individual loses self awareness in groups
Primacy Effect
Tendency to recall those presented first on a list
Self-Perception
Notion that a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and concluding that they account this attitude to leading to this behavior Ex: Sees coworker and make rude comment -Think to self wow I must not like her
Conflict theory
Sociology viewed through lens of conflict between various classes and groups within society -Involves systematic inequalities that keep power out of hands of lower status groups
Stigma
Stigma is extreme disapproval of person based on some behavior/quality of that person
Nigrostriatal Bundle
Associated with movement -Damage to this area leads to Parkinson’s disease
Types of Support
• Companionship Support: gives someone a sense of social belonging ◦ Companions engage in shared social activities • Emotional Support: ACtions people take to make us feel loved/cared for ◦ Includes bolstering of self-worth ◦ Non-tangible forms of assistance • Instrumental Support: Tangible help that one could provide to an individual • Informational support: sometimes included in category of instrumental support ◦ Help that others offer through provision of information
Self-concept vs self-esteem
• Self-concept/self-identity: How someone thinks about/perceives/evaluates themselves ◦ Derived from self-esteem a dan self0efficacy ◦ Existential self: sense of being separate and distinct from others ◦ Categorical self: Being aware that we are separate/distinct from others but exist in the world with others • Self-esteem=self-worth
Cognitive Bias effect
Tendency to think in certain ways -Often causes deviations from standard of rationality or good judgement
Heterophily vs Homiphily
• Heterophily: Tendency of individuals to collect in diverse groups ◦ Homophily: tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others similar to themselves
Depersonalization
Symptom of serious mental illness in which person feels like they have stepped outside of themselves and have no sense of control over behavior
Punishment vs Reinforcement
Reinforcement implies reinforcing a certain behavior Positive: adding a stimuli Negative: removing a stimuli Punishment: implies wanting subject to not do something
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious mind can develop defense mechanisms to protect ego from anxiety or from situations that a person cannot cope
Regency Effect
Tendency to recall items near the end of a list
Aversive Conditioning
Noxious stimuli associated with undesirable/unwanted behaviors
Cannon-bard vs James-Lange theory
• Cannon-bard theory:Physiological response and emotion occur simultaneously ◦ Ex: Man sees bee -> at same time, his heart beat increases, he starts sweating and labels the emotion he’s experiencing as fear • James-Lange Theory: Emotion is experienced in response to a physiological reaction to arousing stimuli
Functionalism
• Functionalism: Looks at society from large-scale perspective and how each part keeps it stable ◦ Society is heading towards equilibrium: society and social institutions are interdependent and depend on each other to interact as a whole
GABA
Chief inhibitory NT of the CNS -Principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout nervous system -Decreased levels in patients with anxiety disorders
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Outlines how people prioritize basic physiological needs over other needs in life like safety or belonging ◦ Top priority: physiological needs like food, water, rest, warmth ◦ Next: Safety needs: security ◦ Next: belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships and friends ◦ Next: Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment ◦ Next: Self-actualization: achieving ine’s full potential like creative activitiesq
Conformity vs Groupthink
• Conformity: adjusting one’s behavior/thoughts to coincide with a group standard • Groupthink: desire for harmony or conformity within a group results in irrational decision making
Types of stressors
Acute: One stressor present over a short period of time Micro: Small daily hassles -Ex: dealing with traffic or coworkers Crisis: sudden, rare occurrence like a natural disaster -Ex: natural disaster Ambient: chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed by efforts of individual -Ex: economy and climate change
Piaget’s vs Kholberg’s Stages of Development
Piaget’s apply to children/adolescents and are stages of cognitive development Kholberg’s are stages of moral reasoning for people of all ages -How people reason through moral dilemmas
Weber’s Law
• Weber’s Law: Just-noticeable difference (change required to perceive a difference in an initial stimulus) is directly proportional to percent change in original stimulus ◦ Student able to perceive change of from 100 to 115 mm in a black dot, JND for a 50 mm dot is 15% greater than 50 mm -> 57.5
Methods to increasing power of an analytical study
- INcrease alpha level 2. Decrease random error 3. Conduct a one-tailed test 4. Expand sample size 5. Increase effect size
Self-efficacy vs Self-worth
• Self-efficacy: Abiilltiy to effect change ◦ Belief in one’s abilities to succeed in a situation ◦ Can either be strong or weak ◦ If weak, focus on personal failures and negative outcomes • Self-worth: How much value we place on ourselves
Urea Group
Yep
What do pH and pOH equal
14
Poiseuille’s Law
Flow = deltaP*pi*r^4/8Ln
delta P = change in pressure across the pipe
n = viscosity of the fluid
L = length of pipe
r=radius of pipe
Equatino for power
Power = work/time
Work = change in KE = KE final- KE initial
What is surface tension and how is it altered?
The contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force
- Decreases as temp rises
- Decreases as surface area of fluid rises
Chelating agent
organic molecule that forms two or more coordinate bonds witha. ametal atom or ion
What does a competitive inhibitor alter?
Increases Km of given rxn
Factors that impact nucleophilic ability
- solvent - in polar protic solvents, nucleophilic ability increaes as we go down a group
- Charge: negative charge makes for stronger nucleophile
3 Sterics: bulkier nucleophiles hinder
- EN: as EN increases within a row, nucleophilic ability decreases
What is an Imine?
A carbon double bonded to a nitrogen atom
How to identify R vs S chirality
- Identify four suibstituents and rank them
- If clockwise, R, if counter, S (Clockwise moves to right so R)
- If lowest priority group faces you, invert designation
- If it’s a solid wedge, facing you
Positron emission:
Component of beta + decay:
=Parent nucleus converts a proton into a neutron while emitting a positron (e+)
Beta Minus decay
Weak parent nucleus converts a neutron into a proton while emitting an e-
-Atomic mass stays constant because neutron -> proton
Beta Plus decay:
Synonymous with positron emission
-Parent nucleus converts a proton into a neutron while emitting a positron (e+)
Alpha Decay:
Atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (He nucleus)
-Atom transformed with a mass number 4 less and an atomic number 2 less than parent species
Lipophilic = ?
Lipophilic = hydrophobic
Lipophobic = hydrophilic
-Lipophilic: ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and nonpolar solvents
What explains why sound wave velocity increases as it travels from air to a liquid medium at same temp.
Bulk modulus of medium
- Sound travels fastes in solids and slowest in gases
- Speed of sound increases with stiffness/bulk modulus of a material
As density increases, speed of sound is slower
Type 1 Restriction Enzyme
Cleave at sites remote from recognition site
-Require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Type II Restriction Enzyme
Cleave within or at short specific distances from their recognition sites
-Require Mg2+
Type III Restriction enzymes
Celave at sites a short distance from their recognition sites
-Require ATP
Type IV Restriction enzymes
Target modified DNA
-Methylated/hydroxymethylated
Azide Group
N3-
Roll of the Gallbladder
Storing and secreting bile for digestion
Smooth muscle: How many nuclei, controlled by what division of the nervous system, and do they have striations?
No striations
- Controlled by Parasympathetic nervous system
- Uninucleated
What is humoral immunity?
Part of body’s adaptive immune response
-B-cell activity promotes an antibody response
