Practice test Unknown Terms Flashcards
Symbolic Interactionism
Microlevel sociological view that analyzes how members of society use and understand the symbols of society that they live in
Looking-Glass Self
Idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others and their perception of self
Social cue
Non/vocal suggestion that can be positive or negative -Guide conversation and other social interactions -Ex: facial expression, tone of voice, body language
Serial Position Effect
More likely to retain info from beginning and end of list
Implicit Memory
Type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these experiences Ex: riding a bike
Reticular formation
Connected nuclei in brain stem that regulate arousal and sleep-wake transitions -Mediates transition from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention
Confirmation Bias
Tendency of an individual to search for, interpret or recall info in a way that confirms their beliefs or hypothesis
Feminist theory
Examines women’s social roles, experience, interests and politics in various fields
Social vs Cultural Capital
• Cultural capital: social asset that helps provide social mobility beyond monetary resources ◦ Ex: style of dress, university education, specialized knowledge • Social Capital: Benefit one receives from one’s social networks ◦ Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society ◦ Ex: peer network, family network, community network
Types of sanctions
Sanction: Reinforce norms via rewards/punishments for behaviors Positive: reward for conforming to norms Negative: Punishment for violating norms Formal: Officially recognized and enforced Informal: Unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment
Mediating vs Moderating Variable
• Mediating Variable: If present, original predictor/independent variable works indirectly through a more immediate cause to yield the final effect ◦ Adds to overall variance accounted for in data and explains relationship between dependent and independent variables • Moderating Variable: Specifies conditions under which a given predictor is related to an outcome ◦ When a dependent and independent variable are related -Describes the strength/weakness between the two variables
Deindividuation
Individual loses self awareness in groups
Primacy Effect
Tendency to recall those presented first on a list
Self-Perception
Notion that a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and concluding that they account this attitude to leading to this behavior Ex: Sees coworker and make rude comment -Think to self wow I must not like her
Conflict theory
Sociology viewed through lens of conflict between various classes and groups within society -Involves systematic inequalities that keep power out of hands of lower status groups
Stigma
Stigma is extreme disapproval of person based on some behavior/quality of that person
Nigrostriatal Bundle
Associated with movement -Damage to this area leads to Parkinson’s disease
Types of Support
• Companionship Support: gives someone a sense of social belonging ◦ Companions engage in shared social activities • Emotional Support: ACtions people take to make us feel loved/cared for ◦ Includes bolstering of self-worth ◦ Non-tangible forms of assistance • Instrumental Support: Tangible help that one could provide to an individual • Informational support: sometimes included in category of instrumental support ◦ Help that others offer through provision of information
Self-concept vs self-esteem
• Self-concept/self-identity: How someone thinks about/perceives/evaluates themselves ◦ Derived from self-esteem a dan self0efficacy ◦ Existential self: sense of being separate and distinct from others ◦ Categorical self: Being aware that we are separate/distinct from others but exist in the world with others • Self-esteem=self-worth
Cognitive Bias effect
Tendency to think in certain ways -Often causes deviations from standard of rationality or good judgement
Heterophily vs Homiphily
• Heterophily: Tendency of individuals to collect in diverse groups ◦ Homophily: tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others similar to themselves
Depersonalization
Symptom of serious mental illness in which person feels like they have stepped outside of themselves and have no sense of control over behavior
Punishment vs Reinforcement
Reinforcement implies reinforcing a certain behavior Positive: adding a stimuli Negative: removing a stimuli Punishment: implies wanting subject to not do something
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious mind can develop defense mechanisms to protect ego from anxiety or from situations that a person cannot cope
