Kaplan Biochem Flashcards
Migration velocity equation
v=(Ez)/(f) E=electric field strength v=migration velocity z=net charge of molecule f=frictional coefficient
Positive vs negative control operon
Negative: binding of a protein reduces transcriptional activity
Positive: Binding of protein increases transcription of a gene
Self antigens definition
Proteins/carbohydrates on surface of every cell in body
- Normally, signal to immune cells that cells aren’t foreign and shouldn’t be attacked
- Can attack cells expressing self-antigens
Why are the number of DNA replications limited?
DNA replication cannot extend all the way to the end of the chromosome
-End of sequences is the telomere
6 types of enzymes:
Oxidoreductases: catalyze redox rxns -> transfer e- between species
-Dehydrogenases or reductases
Transferases: catalyze movement of functional groups between species
-Kinases transfer phosphate groups
Hydrolases: Catalyze breaking of ompound into two molecules using addition of H20
-Usually named for their substrates
—i.e. phosphatase: cleaves phosphate group
Isomerase: Catalyze rearrangement of bond within a molecule
-Between both stereoisomers and constitutional isomers
Ligase: Catalyze addition/synthesis rxns
-Often require ATP
Lysase: Catalyze cleavage of single molecule into two products
-Does not req. H20 as substrate
Isoelectric focusing function
Proteins separated on basis of isoelectric point
Telomerase function
Telomeres are slightly degraded between replication cycles (no loss of function results from this)
Telomerase synthesizes telomeres
How is the ETC regulated
ADP/AMPP activate
ATP inhibits
What happens if osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
Cell will lyse
Transgenic mice production via embryonic stem cell lines
- Altered stem cells injected into developing blastocysts and implanted into surrogate mothers
- Offspring are chimera with patches of cells derived from the two lineages
- Chimeras can be bred to produce mice heterozygous for transgene or homozygous
Advantage: cloned genes can be introduced into cultures
SDS PAGE
SDS disrupts all non covalent interactions
- Creates large chains with negative charge
- Neutralizes charge of protein and denatures
- Only things affefcting migration -> mass
Isocitrate DeH regulation
ADP and NAD+ allosteric activators
ATP and NADH allosteric inhibitors
Coupled reaction of glycogenesis
Glucose-6P first converted to Glu1-P
- Glu1P activated by coupling to uridine diphosphate (UDP) which allows it to intergrate into glycogen chain
- Glu1P interacts with UTP to form UDP-gluc and pyrophosphate PPi
Recombinant Vector/DNA cloning
- When cloning, ligated DNA of interest placed into piece of nucleic acid.
- Usually bacterial/viral plasmids that can be transferred to host bacterium after insertion of DNA of interest
- Bacteria then grown in colonies with a colony containing only recombinant vector
Macrophages are derived from one type of cell
Blood-borne monocytes
What is first line of defense of immune system
The skin
Does gluconeogenesis supply energy for the liver?
No, gluconeogenesis uses ATP provided by beta oxidation of fatty acids
MHC II molecules
Displayed by professional antigen-presenting cells
-Pick up antigens from environment process and present them on MHC II
Function of glycogenesis
Synthesis of glycogen granules
Restriction Enzymes Advantages of Sticky Ends
Some restriction enzymes can produce off cuts that yield sticky ends of fragments
-Helpful in facilitating recombination of a restriction fragments with vector DNA
Structure of glyogen granules
Composed entirely of linear chains
-When branched, glucose density highest at periphery of granule
Complex IV Cytochrome c oxidase
Includes subunits cytochrome a1, cytochrome a3, Cu 2+ ions
- O -> H20
- Cytochrome C’s are once again -> oxidized to Fe3+
Alternate Mechanism for ATP formation from ETC
Conformational Coupling: Indirect relationship between proton gradient and ATP synthesis
- ATP released as result of conformational change caused by gradient
- F1 portion becomes a turbine which spins to harness the gradient energy for chemical bonding
Osmotic pressure definition
Quantifies the driving force behind osmosis