Psych/Soc 2 Flashcards
What is a self-concept?
Our internal list to who am I question
Define identity
individual components of self concept (groups we identify with) ex: religous group, sex orientation, gender
What factors are there in an ethnic identity?
ancestry, culture, language
What is nationality?
political borders (flag, country, national symbols)
What is the hierarchy of salience?
it means the situation dictates which identity is most important
The self-discrepancy theory states that we have three selfs, what are they?
Actual self (how we view ourself) Ideal self Ought self (what others think of us)
What is Freuds Psychosexual development stages?
Oral Anal Phallic (Oedipal) Latency Genital
In freuds Oral stage of development what can fixation lead to?
excessive dependency
In freuds anal stage what can fixation lead to?
excessive orderliness OR messiness
In freuds phallic stage (3-5) what are the conflicts?
oedipal and electra
In freuds psychosexual stages what is the latency stage?
libido is depressed til puberty
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the trust vs mistrust stage?
0 to 1 year
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage?
1 to 3 years
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the initiative vs guilt stage?
3 to 6 years
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the industry vs inferiority stage?
6 to 12 years
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the identity vs role confusion stage?
12 to 20 years
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the intimacy vs isolation?
20 to 40 years
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the generativity vs stagnation stage?
40 to 65 years if gen. you become a contributer to society and if stag. you become more self-centered and bored
In Erikson’s psychosocial stages when does it occur and what is the integrity vs despair stage?
65 years + integrity we will see wisdom despair will see life as worthless and fear death
What are the three phases of kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
Preconventional morality Conventional morality postconventional morality
In Kohlbergs moral reasoning, what are the two stages in the preconventional morality?
obedience self-interest
In Kohlbergs moral reasoning, what are the two stages in the conventional morality?
conformity law and order
In Kohlbergs moral reasoning, what are the two stages in the postconventional morality?
social contract universal human ethics
Vygotsky is known for the ?
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky and the zone of proximal development requires?
The help of a more knowledgeable other to gain skills
Who came up with the psychoanalytic perspective?
sigmun freud
What are the three parts of the psychoanalytic perspective?
Id Ego Superego
What is the ID?
the innate drives, natural man inside us
What is the ego?
the socially acceptable, guides or inhibits the ID moderates the superego
What is the superego?
The perfectionist, right and wrong, morally acceptable
Whats the difference in suppression and repression?
suppressison is the conscious act of forgetting
What is the difference between regression and repression?
regression is the reversion back to an earlier development state
Displacement is what defense mechanism?
transferring feelings from one object/thing to another
sublimation is what?
the changing an unacceptable feeling into a socially acceptable one
What is anima and animus?
anima is a man’s inner woman animus is a womans inner man
According to carl jung what is the persona?
the mask we wear among people
According to carl jung what is the collective unconscious?
common experiences or archetypes
What is the myers-Briggs type inventory? (MBTI)
They took Carl Jung’s info and made the ENFP or ESFJ
What is a self-schema?
a classification or self-given label ex: athlete, student
What is dishabituation?
reverting back to having a recovered stimulus response
What is associative learning?
associating between a behavior and response
What are two types of associative learning?
clasical and operant (instinctive and voluntary respectively)
Conditioned stimulus used to be ?
neutral stimulus
Unconditioned response becomes what?
conditioned response
What are the parts of classical conditioning?
UCS UCR neutral stimulus -> Conditioned stimulus UCR -> Conditioned response
In classical conditioning what is extinction?
The Organism becomes habituated to CS
In classical conditioning what is generalization?
Any stimulus similar to original to CS will cause CR
In classical conditioning what is discrimination?
The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli
Operant (voluntary) conditioning is what?
Voluntarily choice in actions
Positive reinforcement is what?
ADD something to reinforce behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
REMOVE something to reinforce behavior
What is positive punishment?
ADD something to stop behavior
What is Negative punishment?
Remove something to stop behavior
How long do we hold onto sensory memory?
Not long
What is working memory?
memory your using to solve something like what is 37x42 in your head.
What are the three kinds of active encoding from strongest to weakest?
Semantic (linking) Auditory Visual
How much short term memory can you memorize?
7 + or - 2
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Implicit (non declarative) and explicit (declarative)
What is implicit memory?
nondeclarative - skills and conditioned responses No active recall needed riding bike, driving car, eating
What is explicit memory?
Memories that require active conscious recall Ex: the arrhenius equation,
What are the two types of motivation?
intrinsic extrinsic
Whats the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic?
Intrinsic - for you extrinsic - ex: to pass MCAt
What is instinct theory of motivation?
innate behaviors of motivation, unconditioned (suckling)
What is the Arousal Theory of Motivation?
People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Whats the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
Stim -> Physiological response -> emotional response i feel threatened BECAUSE my heart is elevated
What is the Canon-Bard theory?
Stim -> physiological arousal AND sense of emotion I see a snake AND my heart is racing. I must be afraid
What is the Schacter-Singer theory?
Emotion depends on both the physiological response and the cognitive appraisal of the environment I am sad BECAUSE my eyes are watering AND everyone else is sad at this funeral.
What is fictional finalism?
Individual is motivated more by expectations of the future than by past
What is creative self?
Force by which individual creates his personality
What is the style of life?
the manifestation of creative self
Horney stated that bad parenting causes basic anxiety which cause what?
vulnerability and helplessness
Object relations theory states what?
That objects–like our parents–influence our relationships with others based on experiences with the object
What is the p value?
The chance that your results were due to chance
What size p value do you want to show casualty?
small. if small reject Ho
What is temporal ambiguity?
The researcher can’t tell which is the ind. or the dep. variable independent variable has to occur BEFORE dependent variable
What is selection bias?
“handpicked”
In errors what will you see (trend) with a systemic error? and what is a systemic error?
If skewed it will be a systemic error which is like procedural, or equipment
In research errors how could you fix a random error?
Increase the size of the sample If you have a low sample it might be a random error
What is the confidence interval?
% certainty that your results are representative of population
What is a type I error?
False positive
What is a type II error?
False negative
What is a secondary appraisal?
your secondary evaluation or secondary emotions of
What is the social cognitive perspective?
Peoples behaviors and traits shape their environments which effects identity
What is reaction formation?
Turns unwanted feelings in the opposite
Summarize the kohlbergs stages with one word
Pre = selfish Conventional = societal Post = abstract
What is the diff in primary versus secondary socialization?
Prim is family Secondary is with friends
What is confirmation bias?
focus on information that already fits our beliefs
What is affluent?
having a great deal of money
What is the difference between symbolic and material culture?
Material is objects : art tools, clothes
Symbolic is ideas : motto’s, songs, phrases
What is groupthink?
What is histrionic personality disorder?
Attention seeking, dramatic, seductive behaviors
What is schizoid personality disorder?
Socially withdrawn, not wanting to interact
What is top-down processing?
we percieve by filling in the gaps,
Recognize the whole object, then the pieces
What is bottom-up processing?
taking sensory info and then organizing it.
Use small clues to find the big picture.
