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MCAT mastery > Chem/Phys 2 > Flashcards

Chem/Phys 2 Flashcards

1
Q

State functions are ______ of the path taken

A

independent

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2
Q

What are the standard conditions?

A

25C(273K) 1 atm 1 M

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3
Q

What are the STP or standard temperature and pressure?

A

0C (273 K) 1 atm

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4
Q

Evaporation is endo or exo thermic?

A

endothermic

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5
Q

melting can also be called?

A

fusion

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6
Q

deposition is what?

A

gas goes into solid phase

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7
Q

Temperatureis related to the average ________ _______??

A

average kinetic

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8
Q

When a system absorps heat it is called ________ and ΔU __ 0

A

endothermic > or it’s positive

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9
Q

Exothermic conditions will make ΔU?

A

”-“

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10
Q

Constant-pressure calorimeter is like the ?

A

Coffee-cup calorimeter

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11
Q

Calorimeters are used to measure?

A

The transferring of heat

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12
Q

The constant-volume calorimeter is also called the ?

A

Bomb calorimeter

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13
Q

Work formula of a liquid?

A

W = PΔV

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14
Q

q(cold) = ?

A

q(hot) m(cold)cΔT(cold) = m(hot)C(-ΔThot)

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15
Q

Enthalpy is heat changes at ?

A

constant pressure

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16
Q

ΔHrxn = ?

A

H(products) - H(reactants)

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17
Q

A positive ΔHrxn is ?

A

endothermic

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18
Q

A negative ΔHrxn is?

A

exothermic

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19
Q

ΔHF0 = the standard heat of a reaction is the?

A

enthalpy required to produce 1 mole of compound at standard state (1 atm, 298 K)

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20
Q

What is hess’s Law?

A

States that enthalpy changes of reactions are additive

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21
Q

The universe has + or - entropy?

A

+

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22
Q

Gibbs free energy equation?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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23
Q

-ΔG = less free energy = ?

A

spontaneous and exergonic

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24
Q

+ΔG = More free energy = ?

A

Nonspontaneous and Endergonic

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25
Q

A solute is said to be soluble in solution if its molar solubility is above what?

A

0.1 M

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26
Q

What are the state functions and the pneumonic for it?

A

when i’m under PRESSURE and feeling DENSE, all I want to do is watch TV and get HUGS pressure density tempertature volume enthalpy internal energy gibbs free energy entropy

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27
Q

What salts are water soluble?

A

All group I metals AND all nitrate salts

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28
Q

What is an examples of a coordinate compound or complex ions, and why?

A

Iron in hemoglobin Because it’s a cation bonded to one or more electron pair donor Also conenzymes are coordinate compounds

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29
Q

What is chelation?

A

When a central cation is bonded to the same molecule in multiple places

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30
Q

How do you calculate the mole fraction?

A

moles of compound / all moles

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31
Q

What is the percent composition by mass?

A

mass of solute / mass of solution

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32
Q

MOLARITY entire formula?

A

moles of SOLUTE / liters of SOLUTION

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33
Q

Molality entire solution?

A

Moles of solute / kg of solvent

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34
Q

What is normality formula?

A

of equivalents of interest / Liter of solution

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35
Q

What is the dilution formula?

A

M1V1 = M2V2

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36
Q

What is the Arrhenius equation? when is it used?

A

k = Ae^(-Ea/RT) K is rate constant A is frequency factor

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37
Q

Collision theory formula is?

A

Rate of collisions = Z x f Z = total # of collisions f = fraction of effective collisions

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38
Q

aA + bB -> cC + dD Rate formula?

A

rate = k[A]^x[B]^y

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39
Q

zero order reaction formula. What are units?

A

rate = k[A]^0[B]^0 M/s

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40
Q

First order reaction formula What are units?

A

rate = k[A]^1 1/s

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41
Q

Second-order reaction formula? What are units

A

rate = k[A]^1[B]^1 1 / Ms

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42
Q

Reaction quotient formula? what does it tell you?

A

How far the reaction has proceeded to equilibrium Qc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b aA + bB -> cC + dD

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43
Q

Qc

A

reaction moves forward

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44
Q

Qc = Keq then

A

Reaction is at dynamic equilibrium

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45
Q

Qc > Keq then

A

Reaction is in reverse direction

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46
Q

What does le chateliers principle state?

A

that if stress is applied to system, the system shifts to relieve that applied stress. It changes in regards to concentration, pressure/volume and temperature

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47
Q

Find the density of a gas?

A

p = PM / RT M = molar mass

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48
Q

Avogadro’s principle formula?

A

n/v

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49
Q

Boyles law formula?

A

PV

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50
Q

Charles law =?

A

V/T

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51
Q

Gay-Lussacs law = ?

A

P/T

52
Q

Partial pressure formula?

A

Pa = XaPt Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure

53
Q

Henry’s law formula

A

[A] = kh x Pa or [A] / P = [A] / P [A] =concetration of A in solution Kh = henry’s constant Pa = partial pressure of A

54
Q

The average speed of a gas can be calculated how?

A

KE = 1/2mv^2 = 3/2 Kb(T) Root mean squared formula Urms = √3RT/M M = molar mass Kb = boltzmann constant

55
Q

Grahams law Calculate the Average speed of a gas Calculate the speed of diffusion

A

r1/r2 = √M2/M1 M = molar mass r = diffusion rates

56
Q

The effective nuclear charge Zeff, e- Affinity, Ionization energy, and electronegativity are all highest where? and lowest where?

A

Highest in top right of period table Lowest in bottom right

57
Q

The atomic radius is biggest where?

A

Bottom left corner

58
Q

Raoults Law Keyword: Vapor Pressure

A

Pa = Xa(Pa*) Pa = Vapor pressure Xa = Mole fraction Pa* = Vapor pressure of A in pure state

59
Q

Boiling point elevation Keyword: Boiling point

A

ΔTb = i(Kb)m m= molality (moles of solute / kg of solvent) i = van hofft (how many it dissolves into) Kb = Constant given

60
Q

Freezing point formula Keyword: Freezing point

A

ΔTf = i(Kf)m i = van hofft Kf = constant given m = molality (moles solute / kg solvent)

61
Q

Osmotic pressure formula

A

= iMRT M = molarity ( moles solute / Liters solution) R = ideal gas constant

62
Q

Find the Ka of an acid

A

Ka = [H3O+][A-] / [HA] Concentration product of the products* divided by concentration of the reactant

63
Q

Given: [H+] (concentration of hydrogen ions) Get: pH

A

pH = -log[H+] = log 1 / [H+]

64
Q

Given: weak acid buffer solution Get: pH What formula used?

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]

65
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation number of a free element is ____?

A

zero

66
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation # for monatomic ion is …?

A

equal to charge of the ion Na+ = +1 N 3- = -3

67
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each group IA element is?

A

+1

68
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation group of each Group IIA element is?

A

+2

69
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each VIIA element is?

A

-1

70
Q

Oxidation State: The oxidation state of hydrogen is usually ___

A

+1

71
Q

Oxidation State: In most compounds, the oxidation number of oxygen is?

A

-2

72
Q

Oxidation State: The sum of oxidation numbers of all the atoms present in a neutral compound is __? In a polyatomic ion is …?

A

0 equall to the charge of the ion

73
Q

1 Amp =

A

C/s

74
Q

Current flows from ___ potential to ____ potential and is the flow of _____ charge.

A

high to low positive charge

75
Q

In current electrons flow _______

A

against current

76
Q

Kirkhoff’s rules Current into junction _____ current leaving junction Sum of voltage sources = sum of voltage ______

A

= drops (potential)

77
Q

Resistance units

A

Ω pL / A = m(Ω)m / m^2

78
Q

What is the emf? or Ecell?

A

The potential when no charge is moving between two terminals

79
Q

Voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit formula

A

V = Ecell - i(Rint) Ecell = emf = potential diff when no charge moving i = current Rint = internal resistance It’s pretty much V=IR

80
Q

Power of the resistor formula

A

P = IV = I²R = V²/R

81
Q

Calculate the electric field of a capacitor?

A

E = V/d E = electric field V = Voltage d = Distance between two plates

82
Q

Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate

A

C = ε₀ (A/d) ε₀ = permittivity of free space A = Area of overlap d = distance between two plates

83
Q

Find the potential energy stored in a capacitor

A

U = 1/2CV²

84
Q

dielectric material is another way of saying ?

A

insulation

85
Q

Find the capacitance due to dielectric material

A

C’ = kC Just multiply the capacitance without insulation, by the insulation constant

86
Q

Capacitor basic formula?

A

C = Q/V Faraday = Coulomb/Volt

87
Q

Resistivity formula (not V=IR)

A

R = pL / A Resistivity p = density L= length of resistor A = cross-sectional area

88
Q

Capacitors will only reach a potential energy of?

A

Equal to the source of potential energy, the voltage source

89
Q

What is combustion?

A

The oxidation of a fuel to create H2O and CO2

90
Q

The Enthalpy of formation follows which law?

A

hess’s law

91
Q

Does stability influence Ksp?

A

No

92
Q

If you had 1E-40 = x⁴ What is x?

A

x = 1E-10

93
Q

Log10^-12 =?

A

-12

94
Q

Voltage potential or change in a closed circuit is equal to zero, why?

A

Because the resistors use the voltage

95
Q

Capacitance formula with area and distance?

A

C = e0 (A/d)

96
Q

Order of a mature sperm cell: __________ -> 1 spermatocyte -> 2 spermatocyte -> _____ -> ______

A

Spermatogonium Spermatid Spermatozoan

97
Q

When does the spindle apparatus start to attach to the kinetichore fibers?

A

End of prophase

98
Q

Where is oocyte released upon ovulation?

A

Abdominal cavity

99
Q

What inhibits the release of GnRH in a female?

A

Negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone

100
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The jumping of action potentials from node to node.

101
Q

What’s the difference between nerves and tracts?

A

Nerves are bundles in PNS Tracts are collections of neurons in the CNS, only carry one type of info

102
Q

What cells myelinated the PNS neurons?

A

Schwann cells

103
Q

Calorimeters are like what kind of system?

A

Isolated system

104
Q

What does (+) or d- mean?

A

Optical rotation is to the right

105
Q

What does (-) or l- mean?

A

Optical rotation is to the left

106
Q

How is the resistivity formula used in arteries/veins?

A

R = pL/A

You can use this because of density, length, and area

107
Q

Continuity equation deals with what phase?

A

liquid

108
Q

What is the continuity equation?

A

Q = v1A1 = v2A2

v = velocity

A = area

Q = flow rate

109
Q

What kind of pressure allows the lungs to fill with oxygen

A

negative pressure

110
Q

When the diaphragm contracts the lungs…?

A

expand

111
Q

If you wanted the linear speed of a liquid through a pipe, what equation would you use? (only know important parts of equation)

A

Poiseuilles Law

r4P / ΠL

r = radius

P = pressure

Π = viscosity

L = length

112
Q

The tympanic membrane and ossicles (amplify/lessen) sound waves?

A

Amplify

113
Q

In strings, how do you know which harmonic it is?

A

By the number of antinodes

114
Q

In open pipes how do you know which harmonic it is in?

A

By the number of nodes

115
Q

In closed pipes what is the first harmonic?

A

L = λ/4

116
Q

In closed pipes what is the 3rd harmonic?

A

L = 3λ / 4

117
Q

In closed pipes what is the 5th harmonic?

A

L = 5λ / 4

118
Q

What is entropy’s equation?

A

ΔS = Qrev / T

Qrev = heat gained or lost in reversible reaction

119
Q

What is the difference between a hemiacetal and hemiketal?

A
120
Q

What is mutarotation?

A

One anomeric carbon shifts to the other form

121
Q

What is the difference between furanose vs pyranose?

A

Furanose is 5 member chain

pyranose is 6 member chain

122
Q

What is a hemiacetal ring?

A
123
Q

What is considered a reducing sugar?

A

Any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring

124
Q

What does PCC do to a primary alcohol?

A

Oxidizes it to an aldehyde.

125
Q
A

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