Chem/Phys 2 Flashcards
State functions are ______ of the path taken
independent
What are the standard conditions?
25C(273K) 1 atm 1 M
What are the STP or standard temperature and pressure?
0C (273 K) 1 atm
Evaporation is endo or exo thermic?
endothermic
melting can also be called?
fusion
deposition is what?
gas goes into solid phase
Temperatureis related to the average ________ _______??
average kinetic
When a system absorps heat it is called ________ and ΔU __ 0
endothermic > or it’s positive
Exothermic conditions will make ΔU?
”-“
Constant-pressure calorimeter is like the ?
Coffee-cup calorimeter
Calorimeters are used to measure?
The transferring of heat
The constant-volume calorimeter is also called the ?
Bomb calorimeter
Work formula of a liquid?
W = PΔV
q(cold) = ?
q(hot) m(cold)cΔT(cold) = m(hot)C(-ΔThot)
Enthalpy is heat changes at ?
constant pressure
ΔHrxn = ?
H(products) - H(reactants)
A positive ΔHrxn is ?
endothermic
A negative ΔHrxn is?
exothermic
ΔHF0 = the standard heat of a reaction is the?
enthalpy required to produce 1 mole of compound at standard state (1 atm, 298 K)
What is hess’s Law?
States that enthalpy changes of reactions are additive
The universe has + or - entropy?
+
Gibbs free energy equation?
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
-ΔG = less free energy = ?
spontaneous and exergonic
+ΔG = More free energy = ?
Nonspontaneous and Endergonic
A solute is said to be soluble in solution if its molar solubility is above what?
0.1 M
What are the state functions and the pneumonic for it?
when i’m under PRESSURE and feeling DENSE, all I want to do is watch TV and get HUGS pressure density tempertature volume enthalpy internal energy gibbs free energy entropy
What salts are water soluble?
All group I metals AND all nitrate salts
What is an examples of a coordinate compound or complex ions, and why?
Iron in hemoglobin Because it’s a cation bonded to one or more electron pair donor Also conenzymes are coordinate compounds
What is chelation?
When a central cation is bonded to the same molecule in multiple places
How do you calculate the mole fraction?
moles of compound / all moles
What is the percent composition by mass?
mass of solute / mass of solution
MOLARITY entire formula?
moles of SOLUTE / liters of SOLUTION
Molality entire solution?
Moles of solute / kg of solvent
What is normality formula?
of equivalents of interest / Liter of solution
What is the dilution formula?
M1V1 = M2V2
What is the Arrhenius equation? when is it used?
k = Ae^(-Ea/RT) K is rate constant A is frequency factor
Collision theory formula is?
Rate of collisions = Z x f Z = total # of collisions f = fraction of effective collisions
aA + bB -> cC + dD Rate formula?
rate = k[A]^x[B]^y
zero order reaction formula. What are units?
rate = k[A]^0[B]^0 M/s
First order reaction formula What are units?
rate = k[A]^1 1/s
Second-order reaction formula? What are units
rate = k[A]^1[B]^1 1 / Ms
Reaction quotient formula? what does it tell you?
How far the reaction has proceeded to equilibrium Qc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b aA + bB -> cC + dD
Qc
reaction moves forward
Qc = Keq then
Reaction is at dynamic equilibrium
Qc > Keq then
Reaction is in reverse direction
What does le chateliers principle state?
that if stress is applied to system, the system shifts to relieve that applied stress. It changes in regards to concentration, pressure/volume and temperature
Find the density of a gas?
p = PM / RT M = molar mass
Avogadro’s principle formula?
n/v
Boyles law formula?
PV
Charles law =?
V/T
Gay-Lussacs law = ?
P/T
Partial pressure formula?
Pa = XaPt Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
Henry’s law formula
[A] = kh x Pa or [A] / P = [A] / P [A] =concetration of A in solution Kh = henry’s constant Pa = partial pressure of A
The average speed of a gas can be calculated how?
KE = 1/2mv^2 = 3/2 Kb(T) Root mean squared formula Urms = √3RT/M M = molar mass Kb = boltzmann constant
Grahams law Calculate the Average speed of a gas Calculate the speed of diffusion
r1/r2 = √M2/M1 M = molar mass r = diffusion rates
The effective nuclear charge Zeff, e- Affinity, Ionization energy, and electronegativity are all highest where? and lowest where?
Highest in top right of period table Lowest in bottom right
The atomic radius is biggest where?
Bottom left corner
Raoults Law Keyword: Vapor Pressure
Pa = Xa(Pa*) Pa = Vapor pressure Xa = Mole fraction Pa* = Vapor pressure of A in pure state
Boiling point elevation Keyword: Boiling point
ΔTb = i(Kb)m m= molality (moles of solute / kg of solvent) i = van hofft (how many it dissolves into) Kb = Constant given
Freezing point formula Keyword: Freezing point
ΔTf = i(Kf)m i = van hofft Kf = constant given m = molality (moles solute / kg solvent)
Osmotic pressure formula
= iMRT M = molarity ( moles solute / Liters solution) R = ideal gas constant
Find the Ka of an acid
Ka = [H3O+][A-] / [HA] Concentration product of the products* divided by concentration of the reactant
Given: [H+] (concentration of hydrogen ions) Get: pH
pH = -log[H+] = log 1 / [H+]
Given: weak acid buffer solution Get: pH What formula used?
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of a free element is ____?
zero
Oxidation State: The oxidation # for monatomic ion is …?
equal to charge of the ion Na+ = +1 N 3- = -3
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each group IA element is?
+1
Oxidation State: The oxidation group of each Group IIA element is?
+2
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each VIIA element is?
-1
Oxidation State: The oxidation state of hydrogen is usually ___
+1
Oxidation State: In most compounds, the oxidation number of oxygen is?
-2
Oxidation State: The sum of oxidation numbers of all the atoms present in a neutral compound is __? In a polyatomic ion is …?
0 equall to the charge of the ion
1 Amp =
C/s
Current flows from ___ potential to ____ potential and is the flow of _____ charge.
high to low positive charge
In current electrons flow _______
against current
Kirkhoff’s rules Current into junction _____ current leaving junction Sum of voltage sources = sum of voltage ______
= drops (potential)
Resistance units
Ω pL / A = m(Ω)m / m^2
What is the emf? or Ecell?
The potential when no charge is moving between two terminals
Voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit formula
V = Ecell - i(Rint) Ecell = emf = potential diff when no charge moving i = current Rint = internal resistance It’s pretty much V=IR
Power of the resistor formula
P = IV = I²R = V²/R
Calculate the electric field of a capacitor?
E = V/d E = electric field V = Voltage d = Distance between two plates
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate
C = ε₀ (A/d) ε₀ = permittivity of free space A = Area of overlap d = distance between two plates
Find the potential energy stored in a capacitor
U = 1/2CV²
dielectric material is another way of saying ?
insulation
Find the capacitance due to dielectric material
C’ = kC Just multiply the capacitance without insulation, by the insulation constant
Capacitor basic formula?
C = Q/V Faraday = Coulomb/Volt
Resistivity formula (not V=IR)
R = pL / A Resistivity p = density L= length of resistor A = cross-sectional area
Capacitors will only reach a potential energy of?
Equal to the source of potential energy, the voltage source
What is combustion?
The oxidation of a fuel to create H2O and CO2
The Enthalpy of formation follows which law?
hess’s law
Does stability influence Ksp?
No
If you had 1E-40 = x⁴ What is x?
x = 1E-10
Log10^-12 =?
-12
Voltage potential or change in a closed circuit is equal to zero, why?
Because the resistors use the voltage
Capacitance formula with area and distance?
C = e0 (A/d)
Order of a mature sperm cell: __________ -> 1 spermatocyte -> 2 spermatocyte -> _____ -> ______
Spermatogonium Spermatid Spermatozoan
When does the spindle apparatus start to attach to the kinetichore fibers?
End of prophase
Where is oocyte released upon ovulation?
Abdominal cavity
What inhibits the release of GnRH in a female?
Negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone
What is saltatory conduction?
The jumping of action potentials from node to node.
What’s the difference between nerves and tracts?
Nerves are bundles in PNS Tracts are collections of neurons in the CNS, only carry one type of info
What cells myelinated the PNS neurons?
Schwann cells
Calorimeters are like what kind of system?
Isolated system
What does (+) or d- mean?
Optical rotation is to the right
What does (-) or l- mean?
Optical rotation is to the left
How is the resistivity formula used in arteries/veins?
R = pL/A
You can use this because of density, length, and area
Continuity equation deals with what phase?
liquid
What is the continuity equation?
Q = v1A1 = v2A2
v = velocity
A = area
Q = flow rate
What kind of pressure allows the lungs to fill with oxygen
negative pressure
When the diaphragm contracts the lungs…?
expand
If you wanted the linear speed of a liquid through a pipe, what equation would you use? (only know important parts of equation)
Poiseuilles Law
r4P / ΠL
r = radius
P = pressure
Π = viscosity
L = length
The tympanic membrane and ossicles (amplify/lessen) sound waves?
Amplify
In strings, how do you know which harmonic it is?
By the number of antinodes
In open pipes how do you know which harmonic it is in?
By the number of nodes
In closed pipes what is the first harmonic?
L = λ/4
In closed pipes what is the 3rd harmonic?
L = 3λ / 4
In closed pipes what is the 5th harmonic?
L = 5λ / 4
What is entropy’s equation?
ΔS = Qrev / T
Qrev = heat gained or lost in reversible reaction
What is the difference between a hemiacetal and hemiketal?
What is mutarotation?
One anomeric carbon shifts to the other form
What is the difference between furanose vs pyranose?
Furanose is 5 member chain
pyranose is 6 member chain
What is a hemiacetal ring?
What is considered a reducing sugar?
Any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring
What does PCC do to a primary alcohol?
Oxidizes it to an aldehyde.
