Chem/Phys 2 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
State functions are ______ of the path taken
A
independent
2
Q
What are the standard conditions?
A
25C(273K) 1 atm 1 M
3
Q
What are the STP or standard temperature and pressure?
A
0C (273 K) 1 atm
4
Q
Evaporation is endo or exo thermic?
A
endothermic
5
Q
melting can also be called?
A
fusion
6
Q
deposition is what?
A
gas goes into solid phase
7
Q
Temperatureis related to the average ________ _______??
A
average kinetic
8
Q
When a system absorps heat it is called ________ and ΔU __ 0
A
endothermic > or it’s positive
9
Q
Exothermic conditions will make ΔU?
A
”-“
10
Q
Constant-pressure calorimeter is like the ?
A
Coffee-cup calorimeter
11
Q
Calorimeters are used to measure?
A
The transferring of heat
12
Q
The constant-volume calorimeter is also called the ?
A
Bomb calorimeter
13
Q
Work formula of a liquid?
A
W = PΔV
14
Q
q(cold) = ?
A
q(hot) m(cold)cΔT(cold) = m(hot)C(-ΔThot)
15
Q
Enthalpy is heat changes at ?
A
constant pressure
16
Q
ΔHrxn = ?
A
H(products) - H(reactants)
17
Q
A positive ΔHrxn is ?
A
endothermic
18
Q
A negative ΔHrxn is?
A
exothermic
19
Q
ΔHF0 = the standard heat of a reaction is the?
A
enthalpy required to produce 1 mole of compound at standard state (1 atm, 298 K)
20
Q
What is hess’s Law?
A
States that enthalpy changes of reactions are additive
21
Q
The universe has + or - entropy?
A
+
22
Q
Gibbs free energy equation?
A
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
23
Q
-ΔG = less free energy = ?
A
spontaneous and exergonic
24
Q
+ΔG = More free energy = ?
A
Nonspontaneous and Endergonic
25
A solute is said to be soluble in solution if its molar solubility is above what?
0.1 M
26
What are the state functions and the pneumonic for it?
when i'm under PRESSURE and feeling DENSE, all I want to do is watch TV and get HUGS pressure density tempertature volume enthalpy internal energy gibbs free energy entropy
27
What salts are water soluble?
All group I metals AND all nitrate salts
28
What is an examples of a coordinate compound or complex ions, and why?
Iron in hemoglobin Because it's a cation bonded to one or more electron pair donor Also conenzymes are coordinate compounds
29
What is chelation?
When a central cation is bonded to the same molecule in multiple places
30
How do you calculate the mole fraction?
moles of compound / all moles
31
What is the percent composition by mass?
mass of solute / mass of solution
32
MOLARITY entire formula?
moles of SOLUTE / liters of SOLUTION
33
Molality entire solution?
Moles of solute / kg of solvent
34
What is normality formula?
of equivalents of interest / Liter of solution
35
What is the dilution formula?
M1V1 = M2V2
36
What is the Arrhenius equation? when is it used?
k = Ae^(-Ea/RT) K is rate constant A is frequency factor
37
Collision theory formula is?
Rate of collisions = Z x f Z = total # of collisions f = fraction of effective collisions
38
aA + bB -\> cC + dD Rate formula?
rate = k[A]^x[B]^y
39
zero order reaction formula. What are units?
rate = k[A]^0[B]^0 M/s
40
First order reaction formula What are units?
rate = k[A]^1 1/s
41
Second-order reaction formula? What are units
rate = k[A]^1[B]^1 1 / Ms
42
Reaction quotient formula? what does it tell you?
How far the reaction has proceeded to equilibrium Qc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b aA + bB -\> cC + dD
43
Qc
reaction moves forward
44
Qc = Keq then
Reaction is at dynamic equilibrium
45
Qc \> Keq then
Reaction is in reverse direction
46
What does le chateliers principle state?
that if stress is applied to system, the system shifts to relieve that applied stress. It changes in regards to concentration, pressure/volume and temperature
47
Find the density of a gas?
p = PM / RT M = molar mass
48
Avogadro's principle formula?
n/v
49
Boyles law formula?
PV
50
Charles law =?
V/T
51
Gay-Lussacs law = ?
P/T
52
Partial pressure formula?
Pa = XaPt Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
53
Henry's law formula
[A] = kh x Pa or [A] / P = [A] / P [A] =concetration of A in solution Kh = henry's constant Pa = partial pressure of A
54
The average speed of a gas can be calculated how?
KE = 1/2mv^2 = 3/2 Kb(T) Root mean squared formula Urms = √3RT/M M = molar mass Kb = boltzmann constant
55
Grahams law Calculate the Average speed of a gas Calculate the speed of diffusion
r1/r2 = √M2/M1 M = molar mass r = diffusion rates
56
The effective nuclear charge Zeff, e- Affinity, Ionization energy, and electronegativity are all highest where? and lowest where?
Highest in top right of period table Lowest in bottom right
57
The atomic radius is biggest where?
Bottom left corner
58
Raoults Law Keyword: Vapor Pressure
Pa = Xa(Pa\*) Pa = Vapor pressure Xa = Mole fraction Pa\* = Vapor pressure of A in pure state
59
Boiling point elevation Keyword: Boiling point
ΔTb = i(Kb)m m= molality (moles of solute / kg of solvent) i = van hofft (how many it dissolves into) Kb = Constant given
60
Freezing point formula Keyword: Freezing point
ΔTf = i(Kf)m i = van hofft Kf = constant given m = molality (moles solute / kg solvent)
61
Osmotic pressure formula
= iMRT M = molarity ( moles solute / Liters solution) R = ideal gas constant
62
Find the Ka of an acid
Ka = [H3O+][A-] / [HA] Concentration product of the products\* divided by concentration of the reactant
63
Given: [H+] (concentration of hydrogen ions) Get: pH
pH = -log[H+] = log 1 / [H+]
64
Given: weak acid buffer solution Get: pH What formula used?
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
65
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of a free element is \_\_\_\_?
zero
66
Oxidation State: The oxidation # for monatomic ion is ...?
equal to charge of the ion Na+ = +1 N 3- = -3
67
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each group IA element is?
+1
68
Oxidation State: The oxidation group of each Group IIA element is?
+2
69
Oxidation State: The oxidation number of each VIIA element is?
-1
70
Oxidation State: The oxidation state of hydrogen is usually \_\_\_
+1
71
Oxidation State: In most compounds, the oxidation number of oxygen is?
-2
72
Oxidation State: The sum of oxidation numbers of all the atoms present in a neutral compound is \_\_? In a polyatomic ion is ...?
0 equall to the charge of the ion
73
1 Amp =
C/s
74
Current flows from ___ potential to ____ potential and is the flow of _____ charge.
high to low positive charge
75
In current electrons flow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
against current
76
Kirkhoff's rules Current into junction _____ current leaving junction Sum of voltage sources = sum of voltage \_\_\_\_\_\_
= drops (potential)
77
Resistance units
Ω pL / A = m(Ω)m / m^2
78
What is the emf? or Ecell?
The potential when no charge is moving between two terminals
79
Voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit formula
V = Ecell - i(Rint) Ecell = emf = potential diff when no charge moving i = current Rint = internal resistance It's pretty much V=IR
80
Power of the resistor formula
P = IV = I²R = V²/R
81
Calculate the electric field of a capacitor?
E = V/d E = electric field V = Voltage d = Distance between two plates
82
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate
C = ε₀ (A/d) ε₀ = permittivity of free space A = Area of overlap d = distance between two plates
83
Find the potential energy stored in a capacitor
U = 1/2CV²
84
dielectric material is another way of saying ?
insulation
85
Find the capacitance due to dielectric material
C' = kC Just multiply the capacitance without insulation, by the insulation constant
86
Capacitor basic formula?
C = Q/V Faraday = Coulomb/Volt
87
Resistivity formula (not V=IR)
R = pL / A Resistivity p = density L= length of resistor A = cross-sectional area
88
Capacitors will only reach a potential energy of?
Equal to the source of potential energy, the voltage source
89
What is combustion?
The oxidation of a fuel to create H2O and CO2
90
The Enthalpy of formation follows which law?
hess's law
91
Does stability influence Ksp?
No
92
If you had 1E-40 = x⁴ What is x?
x = 1E-10
93
Log10^-12 =?
-12
94
Voltage potential or change in a closed circuit is equal to zero, why?
Because the resistors use the voltage
95
Capacitance formula with area and distance?
C = e0 (A/d)
96
Order of a mature sperm cell: __________ -\> 1 spermatocyte -\> 2 spermatocyte -\> _____ -\> \_\_\_\_\_\_
Spermatogonium Spermatid Spermatozoan
97
When does the spindle apparatus start to attach to the kinetichore fibers?
End of prophase
98
Where is oocyte released upon ovulation?
Abdominal cavity
99
What inhibits the release of GnRH in a female?
Negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone
100
What is saltatory conduction?
The jumping of action potentials from node to node.
101
What's the difference between nerves and tracts?
Nerves are bundles in PNS Tracts are collections of neurons in the CNS, only carry one type of info
102
What cells myelinated the PNS neurons?
Schwann cells
103
Calorimeters are like what kind of system?
Isolated system
104
What does (+) or d- mean?
Optical rotation is to the right
105
What does (-) or l- mean?
Optical rotation is to the left
106
How is the resistivity formula used in arteries/veins?
R = pL/A
You can use this because of density, length, and area
107
Continuity equation deals with what phase?
liquid
108
What is the continuity equation?
Q = v1A1 = v2A2
v = velocity
A = area
Q = flow rate
109
What kind of pressure allows the lungs to fill with oxygen
negative pressure
110
When the diaphragm contracts the lungs...?
expand
111
If you wanted the linear speed of a liquid through a pipe, what equation would you use? (only know important parts of equation)
Poiseuilles Law
r4P / ΠL
r = radius
P = pressure
Π = viscosity
L = length
112
The tympanic membrane and ossicles (amplify/lessen) sound waves?
Amplify
113
In strings, how do you know which harmonic it is?
By the number of antinodes
114
In open pipes how do you know which harmonic it is in?
By the number of nodes
115
In closed pipes what is the first harmonic?
L = λ/4
116
In closed pipes what is the 3rd harmonic?
L = 3λ / 4
117
In closed pipes what is the 5th harmonic?
L = 5λ / 4
118
What is entropy's equation?
ΔS = Qrev / T
Qrev = heat gained or lost in reversible reaction
119
What is the difference between a hemiacetal and hemiketal?
120
What is mutarotation?
One anomeric carbon shifts to the other form
121
What is the difference between furanose vs pyranose?
Furanose is 5 member chain
pyranose is 6 member chain
122
What is a hemiacetal ring?
123
What is considered a reducing sugar?
Any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring
124
What does PCC do to a primary alcohol?
Oxidizes it to an aldehyde.
125
