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MCAT mastery > Bio/Biochem > Flashcards

Bio/Biochem Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What TYPE of Amino Acids will be hydrophilic?

A

Those with a charge Basic AA (hist, arg, lys) Acidic AA ( Glutamate, apartate) Asparagine and glutamine

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2
Q

What are the four hydrophobic AA?

A

Alanine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine Those with long alkyl chains

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3
Q

Which direction does kinesins travel?

A

toward the positive end of microtubules

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4
Q

What direction do dyneins travel?

A

Towards the negative end

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5
Q

Tubulin is polar and has negative and positive sides, where does each connect in mitosis?

A

Negative at centriole Positive at centrosome

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6
Q

What’s the main difference between coenzymes and cofactors?

A

Coenzymes are organic materials (like vitamins) Cofactors are inorganic materials (like metals)

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7
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

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8
Q

What is a haloenzyme?

A

Has all coenzymes/cofactors to get job done

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9
Q

What is an apoenzyme?

A

Does not have coenzymes or cofactors to get job done

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10
Q

In michaelis mendal kinetics if the Km is high, what is the affinity of the substrate?

A

Low

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11
Q

Tertiary protein structures are held together mostly by what?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilicity

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12
Q

What are cadherins?

A

glycoproteins that hold similar cell types together by calcium mediated adhesion

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13
Q

What are integrins?

A

Binding tag that bind to extracellular matrix

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14
Q

What are selectins?

A

They are very SELECTIVE in that they will only bind to carbohydrate molecules from other cells.

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15
Q

What kind of molecules are impermeable to the cell? (3)

A

Large Polar Charged

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16
Q

In G protein-coupled receptors what does Gs do?

A

Stimulates adenylate cyclase, which increases cAMP

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17
Q

In G protein-coupled receptors what does Gi do?

A

Inhiibits adenylate cyclase, which decreases cAMP

18
Q

In G protein-coupled receptors what does Gq do?

A

it activates phospholipase C

19
Q

Zymogens are what? how are they named?

A

Inactive enzymes with -ogen

20
Q

Native page electrophoresis can best compare..?

A

molecular size or charge

21
Q

SDS page separates by?

A

Mass

22
Q

Isoelectric focusing separates by?

A

pI

23
Q

In size-exclusion chromatography what size molecules are slowed down?

A

Small

24
Q

How does ion-exchange chromatograhphy work?

A

the beads are coated with a charge and slow the opposite charge down

25
Q

What is edman degradation used for?

A

To cleave and analyze small proteins, 50 to 70 AA

26
Q

What is the Bradford reagent used for?

A

It turns blue the more protein you have

27
Q

Nucleosides are missing what?

A

phosphate group

28
Q

What molecule (during DNA replication) is responsible for relieving the tension from supercoiling?

A

DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase II

29
Q

DNA polymerase reads in what direction? synthesizes in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’ 5’ to 3’

30
Q

Proteins are __ to __, DNA is __ to __

A

N to C 5 to 3

31
Q

Pneumonic to remember the stop codons

A

UAA - you are annoying UGA - you go away UAG - you are gone

32
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

Non-aromatic

33
Q

What is lactose made up of??

A

Glucose and galactose

34
Q

Which is easier to degrade, alpha helical or beta sheets?

A

alpha helical. This makes it more soluble

35
Q

Competitive inhibition does what to Km and Vmax?

A

Km increases Vmax stays the same Affinity changes but saturation stays the same value. Inhibitor binds to the active site because you can outcompete the inhibitor

36
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition does what to Km and Vmax?

A

Km stays constant Vmax changes The affinity stays the same but because the noncompetitive attacks the allosteric site the max saturation is effected

37
Q

To find the isoelectric point of a neutral AA do what? acidic AA? basic AA?

A

Add the top and lowest pka divide by two Add the bottom two pka divide by two Add the top two pka’s divide by two

38
Q

anode/cathode: Anions (A-) are attracted to ______ and Cations (A+) are attracted to the ________

A

anode cathode

39
Q

What is the difference between an epimer and and an anomer? Both are diastereomers

A

Epimers differ in chirality at one carbon Anomers differ in chirality at the anomeric carbon ( the carbon that connects a straight chain glucose to a ring glucose)

40
Q

Structure of glucose

A

CHO | H - OH | HO- H | H - OH | H - OH | CH2OH

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