Bio/Biochem 3 Flashcards
What is mendels first law?
law of segregation
alleles for same gene segregate during meiosis (anaphase I)
What is mendels second law
independent assortment
alleles sort independently, gametes get maternal or paternal copy of each chromosome
What is penetrance?
the proportion of individuals in a population with a genotype who actually express phenotype.
What is expressivity (genetics)?
Varying degree to which an allele manifests as a phenotype
Codominance means what (genetics)?
when two dominant alleles are expressed simultaneously
ex: blood types
Incomplete dominance is what?
when heterozygotes express an intermediate phenotype
Crossing red flower x white flower = pink flower (blend)
What are examples of mutagens?
ionizing radiation
chemical mutagens
transposons
What is a point mutation?
one nucleotide swapped for another
What is a missense mutation?
Are point mutations that cause a new amino acid to be made
May or may not effect protein function
What is a nonsense mutation?
Nonsense mutations create a new stop codon (truncate protein)
What are the three kinds of point mutations?
silent
missense (changes aa)
nonsense (makes stop)
What are deleterious mutations?
Bad mutations
Which of atrial / ventricles have thicker walls?
ventricles
Which side of the heart is thicker with more muscle?
Left
because it pumps to whole body
What is the valve that permits blood passage from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
tricuspid
What is the valve that allows blood passage from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
bicuspid valve
What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
mitral valve
What is a mneumonic to remember left atrium/right atrium valves?
LAB
RAT
Left atrium bicuspid
Right atrium tricuspid
SA node sends signals to contract?
atria
What is the order of electrical conductance in the heart?
SA
AV
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
Start A Blood Pump
What happens during systole?
tri and bicuspid valves close
Blood pumped out of ventricle
What happens during the diastole?
semlunar valves close
Blood from atria fills ventricles
What is the lub dub from?
lub - tri and bicuspid close
dub - semilunar valves close
How to determine Cariac output?
CO = HR x SV
SV = stroke volume
Veins containt about _____ of the bodies blood
3/4
Which has thicker smooth muscle? arteries or veins
arteries
Veins or arteries. Which is elastic?
arteries
What is the hematocrit?
percentage of RBC’s
Leukocytes are what?
white blood cells
What are the granulocytes? (3)
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
What are the agranulocytes?
monocyte
lymphocyte
What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?
B-cells
T-cells
What is the thrombocytes?
platelets
4 possible blood types?
A
B
AB
O
What are the genotypes of A, B, AB, O
IA,IA or IA,i
IB,IB or IB,i
IA,IB
i,i
Type A blood forms what antibodies?
B antibodies
Blood type O forms what antibody?
A and B antibodies
Blood type AB forms what antibody??
No antibodies formed in AB blood type
What is the universal recipient?
AB blood
Because it produces AB antigens which means NO antibodies are produced, which means it can get blood from anyone
What is the universal donator?
O blood type
Because O blood type does not produce any antigens, therefore it produces antibodies A and B,
Acrocentric chromosomes have centromere where?
near their end
