Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are protozoa

A

free living, single eukaryotic cells with cytoplasmic membrane and organelles that have 1 or 2 nuclei, mitochondria, food vacuoles and ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the layers of protozoa

A

outer layer of cytoplasm called ectoplasm and inner layer called endoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do protozoa ingest human RBC

A

cytostome- small mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do protozoa reproduce

A

asexually by replication and division

also sexually by fusion and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the infective form of protozoa

A

cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the motile form of protozoa after ingested as cysts

A

trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 5 intestinal protozoa that cause diarrhea

A

Entamoeba Histolytics- bloody
Giradia lamblia, Cyclospora cayteanensis- non bloody
Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli- immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the precyst form of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

has aggregates of ribosomes called chromotoid bodies and food vacuoles that are extruded as cell shrinks to mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes the blood in diarrhea from Entamoeba Histolytica

A

when the motile trophozoite invades intestinal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What suggests active infection of E histolytica

A

trophozoites with RBC in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most sensitive and specific test for E histolytica

A

Ag detection assays of stool or serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What wil a CAT scan or ultrasound look like of person with E histolytica

A

abscesses of liver sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does metronidazole kill

A

E histolytica, G lamblia, Trich vaginalis, Baceteroides fragilis, C dificile, Gardnerella vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the adverse effects of metronidazole

A

with alcohol causes stomach upset

metallic taste in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What form of Giradia lamblia looks like a kite

A

the mature throphozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs of G lamblia infection and why?

A

fat in diarrhea with really bad odor
abdominal distention and cramps and gas
the trophozoite adheres to small intestine wall preventing intestinal fat absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe transmission of Cryptosporidium

A

ingested as round oocyst with 4 motile sporozoites

life cycle in intestinal epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cryptosporidium cause in immunocompromised patients

A

severe, protracted diarrhea that is life-threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you Dx isospora and cyclospora

A

stool microscopy because both are acid fast!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What protozoa are flagellated

A

giardia and trich vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are symptoms of trich vaginalis in women? men?

A

women: pruritis, burning while peeing, vaginal secretions(thin watery and malodorous)
men: asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the free-living meningitis causing amoebas

A

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the presentation of Naegleria fowler? how is it acquired?

A

swimming, organisms penetrate nasal mucosa and pass to cribioform plate
fever, HA, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting
CSF shows high neutrophils. high protein and low glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Acanthamoeba cause

A

chronic, granulomatous brain infection in immunocompromised patients
HA fever, seziures and focal neuro signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does Balamuthia mandrillaris cause
amebic encephalitis infects immunocompetent and compromised chronic granulmoatous skin lesions
26
What are the 4 common parasites in AIDS patients
cryptosporodium, Isospora | Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii
27
What is the presentation of toxoplasma gondii
fever, lymph node enlargement, HSM, pneumonia | infection of brain and meninges
28
What is the most common CNS infection in AIDS patients? presentation?
toxoplasma encephalitis fever, HA, gait instability, weakness, sensory loss, chorioretinitis with blindness (white yellof fluffy cotton patches in retina)
29
What does T gondii cause after crossing placenta
still birth if early on | chorioretinitis, seizures, mentral retardation, microcephaly, encephalitis
30
How do you Dx T gondii
CAT of brain showing contrast-enhacning mass Examination of retina shows retinal inflammation Inc Ig titers
31
What is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients ? presentation?
PCP fever, SOB nonproductive cough b/l diffuse infiltrates
32
What would you see in someone with PCP
diffuse perihilar interstitial streaking b/l sparing the outer margins flyer saucer fungi in silver staining
33
What are the organisms that cause malaria
Plasmodiums: falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae and knowlesi
34
What plasmodium burst causing fever every 48 hours
ovale and vivax | "tertian malaria"
35
what plasmodium causes fever every 72 hours
P malariae | quartan malaria
36
When does P falciparum cause fevers
irregular between 36-48 hours
37
What are the thin motile forms of Plasmodia called
sporozoites
38
When plasmodium sporozoites enter liver cell what begins
pre-erythrocytic cycle because the sporpozoites rounds up to form a trophozoite that undergoes nuclear divisions forming big mass with thousands of nuclei called schizont cytplasmic membrane forms around each nuclei making merozoites that are let out when the liver cell vursts
39
What is the exo-erythrocytic cycle
merozoites that infect another liver cell after initial exposure already happened (some left for blood)
40
what is the erythrocytic cycle of plasmodia
when merozoites enter blood cells trophozoite shaped like a ring with nuclear diamond RBC lysis causes fevers, chills and sweats
41
What plasmodia form dormant counterparts
vivax and ovale | they are called hypnozoites-- relapsing malaria
42
Which plasmodia have severe clinical manifestations
falciparum and knowles
43
What plasmodium is R to chloroquine
faciparum | except in parts of Central America
44
What is cerebral malaria characterized by
seizures and impaired consciousness leading to coma
45
What mutation allows resistance to P vivax and falciparum
absence of RBC membrane Ag Duffy a and b: vivax | sickle cell for falciparum
46
What phase of P vivax and oval is protected from chloroquine
when in exo-erythrocytic cycles in liver
47
What is the main Tx for the exo-erythrocytic cycles of malaria in liver
primaquine
48
what drug is used for P falciparum
quinine | artemether is the new one
49
What are common features of anti-malarials
oral cause GI upset cause hemolysis in those with G6PD deficiency safe in all trimesters of pregnancy
50
What is Babesiosis and what carries it
infection like malaria from a tick that invades RBCs causing fever and hemolytic anemia
51
What is different from babesiosis and malaria besides mode transmission
babesiosis does not infect liver cells
52
what is the shape of the babesia trophozoite
X shaped tetrad of 4 merozoites
53
What are the shapes of leishmania and trypanosomas
round cell w/o flagella: amastigotes | flagellated motile forms: promastigotes, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes
54
How is leishmania transmitted
sandfly | South and central america, Africa and middle east
55
where does the sandfly infect
promastigote invades macrophages then changes to amastigote and replicates in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow
56
What are the 3 clinical forms of leishmania
cutaneous mucocutaneous Visceral
57
Presentation of cutaneous leishmania
site of bite there is a skin ulcer called "oriental sore" heals after a year leaving pale scar invokes DTH so can use PPD like test
58
Where is diffuse cutaneous leishmania seen? presentation?
Venezuela and Ethiopia with patients that have deficient immune systems concentration of nodular lesions near nose no DTH because defective immune system
59
Presentation of mucocutaneous leishmania
dermal ulcer that heals | months and years later ulcers in mucous membrane arise and could cause erosion of nasal septum, palate and lips
60
Presentation of visceral leishmania
malnourished children abdominal discomfort and distention low grade fever, anorexia and weight loss
61
What leishmaniasis has massive splenoegaly
L donovani's
62
Is the leishmanin skin test useful during active disease
no because cell mediated immunity is deficient
63
What do you use to Tx leishmania
stibogluconate
64
What transmits AFrican sleeping sickness
tsetse fly | trypanosoma
65
what is presentation of african sleeping sickness
har red painful skin ulcer that heals in 2 weeks systemic: fever, HA, dizzyness and lymph node swelling goes away and returns weeks later then drowsiness, behavioral change, difficulty walking, slurred speech, coma and death
66
What are the two forms of african sleeping sickness and pathogens
West is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: slowly progressing wasting East is caused by T brucei rhodesiense: more severe and rapid
67
Why do the trypanosomes cause intermittent fvers
from variable surface glycoproteins that they continueally change
68
How can you Dx trypanosome infection
visualization of trypomastigoes in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spinal fluid rapid card agglutination for anti-T brucei gambiense Ab is available
69
How do you Tx trypanosome infection
suramin or pentamidine if CNS not involved yet | CNS involvement- use eflornithine or nifurtimox when melarsoprol
70
What is Chagas disease caused by and presentation
Trypanosoma cruzi (American) hardened red area(chagoma) with fever, malaise and swollen lymph nodes HEart inflammation causing tachycardia and EKG changes CNS- meningoencephalitis resolves in a month and enters intermediate phase
71
Describe presentation of chronic chagas disease
hear arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy | megadisease of colon and esophagus
72
How do you Dx Chagas
direct examination of blood for motile trypomastigotes | Xenodiagnosis: bugs feed on patient and one month later intestinal contents of bugs examined for parasite
73
What could you get from intake of material infected with pig feces
Balantidium Coli diarrhea Tx with tetracycline

LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions