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LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I > Helminths > Flashcards

Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

What are nemotodes and what are playhelminthes

A

nemotodes are round worms

playhelminthes are flat worms

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2
Q

What intestinal nematodes are acquired by ingestion of eggs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris richuria and Enterobius vermicularis(pin worm

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3
Q

What round worms usually penetrate skin of feet

A

Necator amricanus and Stronglyoides stercoralis

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4
Q

What round worm is ingested in port meat with larvae

A

Trichincella spiralis

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5
Q

What round worms invade the lung at some point in their cycle

A

Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator Americanus and Stronglyoides stercoralis

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6
Q

Where and how do people acquire ascaris lumbricoides

A

mountainouse and tropical areas souther US

consume food with the eggs

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7
Q

Where do the larvae of Ascaris grow

A

in lung alveolie then coughed up swallowed and mature in intestines

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8
Q

What happens with the eggs of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Autoinfection-larvae penetrate intestine directly
Direct cycle- larvae pass out in feces and infect next person
Indirect- in soil the filariform larvae develop into male and female adults then fertllze eggs and the larvae hatch and reinfect

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9
Q

What is involved in severe infections with Ascaris

A

worm invasion into bile ducts, gall bladder and appendix and liver
in lung have pulmonary infiltrate on CXR with high eosinphilia

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10
Q

Dx of any types of the worms?

A

eggs in feces

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11
Q

What drugs are used to treat intestinal nematodes

A

Mebendazole
Albendazole
Thiabendazole

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12
Q

To selectively target Enterobius or Necator or Ascaris what drug can you give

A

pyrantel pamoate

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13
Q

What can an infection by hookworms cause
Ascaris
Necator

A

iron deficiency anemia since suck blood

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14
Q

What do you avoid during Tx of Stronglyoides stercoralis

A

prednisone or other steroids because can result in severe auto infection of pneumonia ARDS and multi-organ failure

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15
Q

What is the enterotest

A

long nylon string is swalled and later pulled out of the mouth to see larvae of stronglyoides

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16
Q

What is the sensitive test for stronglyoides infection

A

ELISA Ab assay

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17
Q

Describe the cycle of Trichinella Spiralis

A

adult males are passed in feces

females penetrate intestinal mucosa and lay thougsands of larvae that enter blood and spread to organs and skel muscle

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichinella Spiralis infection

A

1 week after intestinal invasian there may be fevers and musclar aches

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19
Q

How do you Dx trichinella piralis

A

serologic tests or muscle biopsy
Increase levels of eos
increased serum muscle enzymes like CPK

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20
Q

What is the whipworm

A

Trichuris trichuria

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21
Q

how come pinworm and whipworm do not have elvated eosinphilis

A

because there is no transit outside of the intestine

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22
Q

Where do the whip worm larvae adhere

A

cecum and ascending colon

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23
Q

Why is there no autoinfectino with whipworm

A

eggs need to incubate 3-6 weeks in soild before infective

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24
Q

PAtient has feces that have little football with bumps on the end

A

trichuris trichuria infection

whipworm

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25
What are symptoms of whipworm infection
diarrhea and abdominal pain
26
What is the pinworm and where does it mature
Enterobius vermicularis | matures in the ascending colon
27
What is unique about the female enterobius worm
at night migrates to perianal area where she lays her egs causing severe perianal itching
28
How do you Dx pinworm
scotch tape test for eggs
29
How are blood and tissue nematodes spread?
bites from arthropods | they are called filariae
30
What are the prelarval filariae forms of tissue nematodes
microfilariae
31
When do we encounter disease from tissue nematodes
when the microfilariae and adult worms are dead in lymphatic system allergic reaction
32
What are filarial parasites hosts to
Wolbachia bacteria | so we can target them to kill the parasites
33
What filarial infection is common in Africa, Central and /south America in the black flies
Onchocerca volvulus
34
what are signs of Onchocerca volvulus
pruritic skin rash with darkened pigmentation papular lesions that are intraepithelial granulmomas dry, scaly and thick often migrates to eye causing blindness
35
What is Tx for Onchocerca volvulus
ivermectin
36
What tissue nematodes result in elephatiasis? and in what geographical areas?
Wechereria bancrofti- Pacific islands and Africa | Brugia malayi- Malay and SE asia
37
What transmits the elephatiasis causing nematodes? | what is elephatiasis
mosquito | the lymph edematous areas become covered in a thick scaly skin
38
What can frequent infections of Wechereria and Brugia cause
febrile episodes with HA and swollen inguinal lymph nodes'sometimes fibrosis in lymph areas
39
How do you Dx Wechereria and Brugia
blood drawn and nighttime Nocturnal periodicity or Ab titers via immunofluorescence
40
Tx for elephatiasis
Diethylcarbamazine
41
What is the spp guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
42
how do we prevent spread of guinea worm infections
avoid water because female releases eggs in water
43
What is cutaneous larvae migrans
creeping eruption of pruritic skin from larvae of cat and dog hookworms raised itchy rash
44
How do you Dx what is causing a cutaneous larvae migrans
biopsy of advancing edge
45
What are the 2 groups of flatworms
Trematodes and Cestodes
46
What are other names for trematodes
flukes like schistosomes
47
What are other names for cestodes
tapeworms
48
Where do shistosomes invade human
venous system
49
What is the name for mature schisostomal larvae
cercariase
50
What form of schistosome can survive human immune system and why
adult worm- think there is molecular mimicry | the mature larvae and eggs stimulate immune response
51
What are the 3 disease syndromes that occur sequentially from schistosomes
Dermatitis at site of penetration Katayama fever when laying eggs Chronic fibrosis of organs and blood vessels from chronic inflammation around deposited eggs
52
Describe Katayama fever
4-8 weeks after penetration fever, hives, HA, weight loss and cough for 3 weeks lymph node and HSM with eoshinophilia
53
What are sequelae of schistosome infection
``` portal HTN from blocking venous system granuloma formation ulvers can have hematuria, chornica abdominal pain and diarrhea brain or SC injury ```
54
Tx for schistosome infection
praziquantel
55
what is unique about tape worms
hermaphrodites | also need human as host because do not have true digestive tract
56
What is the structure of tapeworms
Scolex- anterior head with suckers Immature proglottids mature proglottids- male and female gravid proglottids- fertilized eggs
57
How do you Tx tapeworm infection
praziquantel and niclosamide
58
what tapeworm is at risk of infected pork meat
tanenia solium
59
What is cysticercosis
when humand ingest the eggs of taenia solium not the encysted larvae form cystercerci in brain and skel mm leads to Neurocysticercosis
60
What are symptoms of neurocysticercosis
seziures, obstructive hydrocephalus, focal neurologic deficits after 5-10 years leak antigenic contents causing seizures, meningitis, hydrocephalus
61
What areas of the world is neurocystercercosis most common cause of seizures
Mexico, Central and south america, Philippines and SE asia
62
What labs help Dx neurocystercosis
CAT scan or biopsy of brain tissue
63
What tapeworm is found in contaminated beef? and what is the risk if have it
Taenia saginata | generally benign, maybe malnutrition and weight loss
64
What worm is found in salmon, trout and pike (freshwater fish)? what can it cause
Diphyllobothrium latum | can cause anemia because likes to absorbe Vit B12
65
What is the dwarf tapeworm and what does it cause
Hymenolepis nana | abdominal pain, and occasionally nausea and vomiting
66
Which worm forms cysts that can compress surrounding structures? what about if rupture
Echinococcus granulosus and multilocularis | inside is allergic causing fluid that may be fatal
67
How do we Tx Echinococcus granulosus
surgical excision or instill saline. idophore and ethanol into cyst to kill contents
68
What is the PAIR method for hydatid cysts
percutaneous aspiration infusion of scolicidal agents and reaspiration

LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I (24 decks)

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