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LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I > Chap8- Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Chap8- Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pyogenic cocci and what they typically cause

A

Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis: Abscess, cellulitis, penumonia, sepsis
Strep pyogenes: pharyngitis, scarlet fever
Strep pneumoniae: lobar pneumonia, meningitis
Neis gonorrhea: gonorrhea
Neis meningitis: meningitis

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2
Q

What are the common gram - infections and what do they cause

A 
E coli, Klebsiella penumoniae
Enterobacter aerogenes
Proteus spp
Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas spp
All above cause UTI, wound infection, abscess, pneumonia, sepsis, shock, endocarditis
Bacteroides spp: anaerobic infection
Legionella spp: legionnaires disease
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3
Q

What are the contagious childhood bacterial disease pathogens and what do they cause

A

Haemophilus influenze: meningitis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Bordetella pertussis: Whooping cough
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diphtheria

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4
Q

What are the enteric infections and what do they cause

A

Enteropathogenic E coli and shigella spp

Vibrio Choleae, Campylobacter jejuni, C coli

Yersinia enteroclitica, salmonella spp

ALL above cause invasive or noninvasive gastroentercolitis
Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever

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5
Q

What are the clostridial infections and what do they cause

A

clostridium tetani: tetanus
clostridium botulinum: botulism
Clostridium perfringens and C septicum: gas gangrene, necrotizing cellulitis
C difficile: pseudomembranous colitis

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6
Q

What are the zoonotic bacterial infections and what they cause

A 
bacillus anthracis: anthrax
yersinia pestis: bubonic plague
Francisella tularensis: tularemia
Brucella melitensis, B suis and B abortus: brucellosis
Borelia recurrentis: relapsing fever
Borrelia burgdorferi: lymes
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7
Q

What is the human treponemal infection and what does it cause

A

treponema pallidum: syphilis

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8
Q

What are the mycobacterial infections and what they cause

A

M tb, M bovis: TB
M leprae: leprosy
M kansasii, avium, intracellulare: atypical mycobacterial infections

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9
Q

What does nocardia asteroides cause

A

nocardiosis

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10
Q

What are the gram + cocci

A

staphylococcus and streptococcus and enterococcus

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11
Q

What are the gram+ rods

A

diphtheria, listeriosis, anthrax and nocardiosis, and clostridia

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12
Q

What can staphylococcus infections cause

A

skin lesions, absecesses, sepsis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, food poisoning and TSS

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13
Q

What staph infection is common in UTI of young women

A

S saprophyticus

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14
Q

How does S aureus attach to endothelial cells

A

has surface R for fibrinogen, fibronectin and vitronectin

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15
Q

What enzyme does S aureus have to cause skin abscesses

A

lipases

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16
Q

How does S aureus escape Ab-mediated immunity

A

have protein A that binds to Fc R of Ig

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17
Q

describe the toxins in S aureus

A

alpha toxin- pore forming protein that will depolarize cell
beta toxin- sphingomyelinase
delta toxin- detergent like peptide
y toxin and leukocidin lyse RBC and phagocytic cells

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18
Q

What are the A and B toxins from S aureus

A

serine proteases that cleave protein desmoglein 1 causing keratinocyte detachment and loss of barrier function

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19
Q

TSS is characterized how clinically

A

hypotension (shock) renal failure, coagulopathy, liver disease, respiratory distress, generalized erythematous rash, soft tissue necrosis

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20
Q

What other than S aureus can cause TSS

A

Strep pyogenes

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21
Q

What is a furuncle or boil

A

focal suppurative inflammation of skin and subcut

hariy areas like face, axilla, groin and legs

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22
Q

what is a carbuncle

A

deeper suppurative infection that spreads laterally beneath deep sub cut fascia and surfaces in multiple adjacent skin sinuses
upper back and posterior neck

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23
Q

What is hidradenitis

A

chronic suppurative infection of apocrine glands most often in axilla

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24
Q

What are paronychia and felons

A

S aureus infections of nail bed or palmar side of fingertips that is painful

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25
What does s aureus look like in lungs
polymorphonuclear infiltrate with alot of tissue destruction
26
What is Ritter disease
Staph scalded skin syndrome which occurs alot in children | sunburn like rash over entire body and evolves to bullae
27
how do you determine scalded skin syndrome vs toxic epidermal necrolysis or lyells disease
syndrome occurs at the level of granulosa layer rather than the epidermal-dermal junction
28
What is S aureus becoming resistant to
Methicillin, penicillins and cephalosporins | beta lactam cell wall synthesis inhibitors
29
What does strepcocci usually cause
suppurative infections of skin, oropharynx, lungs and heart valves
30
What post infectious syndromes are tied to strepcocci
rheumatic fever IC glomerulonephritis erythema nodosum
31
group A strepcocci cause what
pharyngitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, impetigo, rheumatic fever, TSS and glomerulonephritis
32
Group B strepcoccie cause what
colonize female genital tract and cause sepsis neonates- meningitis intrauterine- chorioamnionitis
33
What is the main cause of dental a=caries
Strepcocci mutans
34
Enterococci are related to what infections
endocarditis and UTIs | and vancomycin Resistant!
35
Which Strepcocci have capsules to resist phagocytosis
S pyogenes, S agalactiae and S pneumoniae
36
What are the virulent factors of S pyogenes
M protein that prevents phagocytosis complement C5a peptidase exotoxin that causes fever and rash in scarlet fever can cause rapid necrotizing fasciculitis
37
What exotoxin does strep pneumoniae have
pneumolysin that lyses cells and activates classical C' pathway reducing C' opsonization
38
What is characterization of strepcocci infections
diffuse interstital neutrophilic infiltrates with minimal destruction--! key to differentiating staph
39
what is erysipelas
rapidly spreading erythematous cutaneous swelling on face or body or extremity butterfly distribution on face maybe microabscesses
40
What is the major antecedent of poststrep gomerulonephritis
strept pharyngitis | edema, epiglottic swelling, punctate abscess of tonsillar crypts
41
When is scarlet fever most common
btwn age 3 and 15 punctate erythematous rash over trunk and inner arms/legs leads to hyperkeratosis
42
What virulent factor does C diphtheriae have
phage encoded A-B toxin that blocks host cell protein synthesis A fragment catalyzes covalent transfer of ADP-ribose to elongation factor-2 inhibiting it so mRNa cannot be tralated
43
how does the formalin fixed C diphtheria vaccine work
protects against the toxin that is released, does not prevent colonization
44
Describe how C diphteriae is transmitted
inhaled attaches to mucosa and then release of exotoxin causes epithelial necrosis with fibrinosuppurative exudate
45
why is there HSM seen in C diphtheria infections
soluble exotoxin in the blood
46
What population is more susceptible to L monocytogenes and what is the main risk for each
pregnant women- amnionitis resulting in stillbirth, abortion or neonatal sepsis neonate: meningitis or granulomatous infantiseptica immunocompromised, elderly
47
Describe the virulence factors of L monocytogenes
internalins on surface that bind E cadherin and internalize the bacteria poreforming protein listerolysin O and 2 phospholipases that degrade phagolysosomes induces actin polymerization in the cell to propel bacteria to other cells
48
What cells are primary defense on L monocytogenes infections and why
NK cells and T cells because respond to IFN-y | evade C3 activated macrophage killing
49
what is the main lymphocyte in an acute L monocytogenes
neutrophils
50
What is Diganostic for L monocytogenes
gram + bacilli in CSF
51
What is the most virulent factor of bacillus anthracis
spores that are formed
52
What are the 3 major anthrax syndromes
cutaneous anthrax inhalational anthrax gastrointestinal anthrax
53
describe cutaneous anthrax rxn
painless, pruritic papule that develops into a vesicle with edema around it and lymphadenopathy after vesicle ruptures there is black eschar with dries and heals
54
describe inhalational anthrax
hemorrhagic mediastinitis 1-6 days fever, cough, chest or abdominal pain fever, hypoxia and sweating leads to shock in death in 1-2 days
55
describe GI anthrax
nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, severe bloody diarrhea with mortality over 50%
56
What are the other virulent factors of bacillus anthracis once in the cell
have antiphagocytic capsule with AB toxins B fragment is protective Ag A fragment has 2 subunits: edema factor or lethal factor 3 A units and B heptamer endocytosed and then a channel is formen where EF and LF move into cytoplasm activating cAMP causing water efflux and intersitial edema LP kills MAPKKinases that regulate MAPKs
57
What is suggestive of B anthracis Dx
large box car shaped gram+ bacteria in chains
58
Where does B anthracis predominately inhabit in lungs
alveolar capillaries and venules and sometimes alveolar space
59
What do nocardia bacteria look like
gram + in distinctive branched chains | stain with modified Acid Fast
60
Most patients with N. asteroides have defects in what
T cell mediated immunity like steroid use, HIV or diabetes
61
What is respiratory N asteroides mistaken for alot
TB
62
What does a N asteroides infection look like morphologically
suppurative with central liquefactive necrosis and surrounding granulation and fibrosis NO granulomas
63
When does N meningitidis become an invasive disease
when a person is exposed to a serotype (13) that they are not immune to usually close quarter living like dormitories
64
Describe what has to occur in order for an infected patient with N meningitidis to actually get meningitis
bacteria invade resp epithelial cells and enter blood where they inhibit opsonization and destruction by C'
65
What are the two most common STDs
1 is C trachomatis | 2 is N gonorrhea
66
What does gonorrhea look like in males? females?
m: urethritis f: asymptomatic
67
What can untreated infeciton of gonorrhea in a woman lead to
ectopic pregnancy, infertility
68
Infection of gonorrhea is Dx how
PCR and culture
69
What type of people are prone to disseminated gonorrhea? and what does this look like
C' defects septic arthritis rash of hemorrhagic papules and pustules
70
What do we give newborns to prevent blindness from gonorrhea directly after birth
silver nitrate or antibiotics
71
How does neisseria escape immune defenses
able to change its expressed Ag on the Pili which bind to CD46
72
What factor do the neisseria genus have to increase binding and promotion of entry into host cells
OPA proteins gonorrhea has 4 meningitidis has 12
73
What type of bacteria causes whooping cough and what does it look like
bordetella pertussis | gram negative coccobacillus
74
Where does bordetella pertussis colonize
brush border bronchial epithelium and invades macrophages
75
Describe pertussis toxin
5 distinct proteins catalytic peptide S1 which ADP-ribosylates and inactivates guanine nucleotide binding proteins so G proteins can't transduce signals also the toxin paralyzes the cilia
76
What does P aeruginosa cause
``` pulmonary failure keratitis endocarditis osteomyelitis external otitis ```
77
What are the exotoxins in pseudomonas aeruginosa
alginate biofilm exotoxin A that inhibits protein syntehsis by ADP ribsylating EF-2 releases exoenzyme S which ADP ribsylates RAS and other G proteins Secretes phospholipase C to lyse RBC and pulm surfactant
78
What toxic component is released by p aeruginosa that is super toxic to endothelial cells
iron-containing compunds
79
What does pseudomonas pneumonia look like
necrotizing through terminal airways with pale necrotic centers and red hemorrhagic periphery
80
What is the appearance of p aeruginosa in burns
ecthyma gangrenosum | necrotic and hemorrhagic oval skin lesions
81
What type of bacteria is yersinia pestis
gram - facultative intracell bacterium that is trasnmitted from rodents or flea bites causing the plague
82
What is the virulent factor or Y pestis
Yop virulon which kills host phagocytes | type III secretion that syringe like projects from bacterial surface into host to inject toxins
83
What Yop from Y pestis inhibits LPS pathways
YopJ
84
What is the morphology of Y pestis
lymph node enlargement, pneumonia, sepsis, neutrophilia massive proliferation of organisms with protein and polysaccharide rich effusions with dew inflammatory cells but lots of swelling necrosis of tissues and blood vessels and neutrophilic infiltrates accumulate next to necrotic areas
85
Describe bubonic plague
infected fleabite that starts as small pustule and grows rapidly becomes pulpy and plum colored then ruptures
86
What is the pneumonic plague
severe confluent hemorrhagic and necrotizing bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis
87
What is septicemic plague
lymph nodes are rich in mononuclear phagocytes that develop areas of necrosis
88
What causes chancroid
hemophilus decreyi
89
What does a chancroid look like
irregular ulcer may be a couple lesions | shaggy yellow gray exudate and there is regional lymph node enlargement
90
Describe appearance of granuloma inguinale
begins as raised papular lesion on moist stratified squamous epithelium of genitalia usually ulcerates and makes alot of granulation tissue
91
What stains are used for granuloma inguinale
donovan bodies in macrophages and silver stains

LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I (24 decks)

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