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LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What is the unicellular growth form of fungi? how do they reproduce?

A

yeast- budding

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2
Q

What is it called when yeast cell buds do not separate

A

pseudohyphae

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3
Q

What are hyphae

A

threadlike branching, cylindrical tubules of fungal cells attached end by end

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4
Q

What are molds

A

mycelia
multicellular colonies of clumped hyphae
produce spores

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5
Q

what are dimorphic fungi

A

fungi that grow as either yeast or mold depending on environment and temperature

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6
Q

What are Saprophytes

A

fungi that live in and utilize organic matter as energy source

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7
Q

Describe the innermost layer of fungi

A

cell membrane that is bilayer and has lots of sterols- ergosterol

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8
Q

How do most antifungals work

A

disrupting ergosterol
like amphotericin B and nystatin
or ergosterol syntehsis- azoles

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9
Q

What component of fungi are strong Ag to human immune system

A

the Cell wall

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10
Q

What stain do you use to visualize the capsule of fungi

A

India ink stain

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11
Q

What are the superficial fungal infections

A

pityriasis versicolor and tinea nigra

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12
Q

what is presentation of pityriasis versicolor

A

hypo and hyper pigmented patches on the skin

caused by Malassezia furfur

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13
Q

What is the presentation of tinea nigra

A

causes dark brown black painless patches on soles of hands and feet
caused by exophiala werneckii

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14
Q

How do you Dx tinea nigra or pityriasis versicolor

A

skins crapings mied with KOH will reveal hyphae and spherical yeast

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15
Q

What is the best Tx for superficial fungal diseases

A

dandruff shampoo that has selenium sulfate

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16
Q

what fungi cause cutaneous fungal infections

A

dermatophytes

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17
Q

What enzyme do dermatophytes secrete

A

keratinase

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18
Q

What are the most common dermatophytes

A

Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton

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19
Q

presentation of tinea corporis

A

ring with red raised border
areas of active inflammation and area of healing in middle
ring worm

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20
Q

What is tinea cruris

A

jock itch

itchy red patches on groin and scrotum

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21
Q

what is tinea pedis

A

athletes foot

cracking and peeling of skin between toes

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22
Q

what is tinea capitis

A

scaly red lesions with loss of hair on scalp

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23
Q

what is tinea unguium

A

thickened nails that are discolored and brittle

onychomycosis

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24
Q

What do you use to Dx microsporum

A

direct examination of hair and skin with Woods light

will fluoresce green

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25
Q

What does candida albicans cause

A

oral thrush, diaper rash and vaginitis

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26
Q

how do subcut fungal infections gain entrance

A

trauma to the skin

27
Q

What causes sporptichosis

A

sporothrix schenckii

28
Q

Presentation of sporothrichosis

A

subcut nodule that becomes necrotic and ulcerates
follows lymph tracts
yeast at 37 C
hyphae at 25C

29
Q

What is quick cheap Tx for sporothrichosis

A

Potassium iodide

30
Q

What is chromoblastomycosis? what cause it

A

subcut infection caused by variety of copper-colored soil saprophytes found on rotting wood
Phialophora and Cladosporium

31
Q

Presentation of chromoblastomycosis

A

small violet wartlike lesion that over mo-yrs many arise nearby, look like cauliflower

32
Q

How do you Dx chromoblastomycosis

A

KOH reveal copper-colored sclerotic bodies

33
Q

What fungi cause systemic disease in humans

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatidis, Coccidioides immitis

34
Q

Describe characteristics of the fungi that cause systemic disease

A

dimorphic
mycelial forms with spores at 25 C
yeast form at 37 C

35
Q

Where are Histoplasma and Bastomyces endemics

A

Mississippi River area

36
Q

Where is Coccidioides endemic

A

Arizona and old southwestern areas

37
Q

AIDS patient with opportunistic infection that previously lived in Arizona. most likley Dx?

A

Coccidioides

38
Q

What are the 3 clinical presentations of the systemic fungi

A

asymptomatic
pneumonia- like TB
disseminated- rare

39
Q

What is the best way to Dx systemic fungi

A

biopsy of affected tissue
silver stain
NOT PPD type because many people have been exposed

40
Q

What is different of systemic fungal infections vs TB

A

not person to person transmission

fungi have spores, not acid fast

41
Q

What is Histoplasma capsulatum assoc with

A

exposure to bat and bird droppings

cleaning chiken coops or spelunking

42
Q

What is presentation of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement and skin ulcers

43
Q

What type of fungi is Cryptococcus

A

polysaccharide encapsulated yeast, not dimorphic

44
Q

What is the major manifestation of cryptococcus infection

A

meningoencephalitis

45
Q

Where is cryptococcus neoformans found? what population does it infect?

A

pigeon poop

AIDS paitents- 10%

46
Q

What is the risk of cryptococcal meningitis without Tx

A

death from cerebral edema and brainstem compression

47
Q

What is the Dx for cryptococcus infection

A

lumbar puncture and CSF analysis

48
Q

What does the India ink stain of cryptococcus look like

A

halo of polyscarrachride capsule around yeast cells

49
Q

What is the most sensitive/confirmatory cryptococcal lab

A

cryptococcal Ag test

50
Q

What are the 3 cutaneous infections caused by Candida

A

oral thrush- creamy white exudate
Vaginitis- cottage cheese
diaper rash- red and macerated

51
Q

What can candida cause in immunocompromised host

A

esophagitis- burning substernal pain worse with swallowing
disseminated- every organ
see white fluffy candidal patches in retina

52
Q

What is the clinical pearl of candida detection in samples

A

normal in urine, stool and sputum

abnormal in blood!!!! immunocompromised

53
Q

What 3 types of diseases are caused by Aspergillus

A

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
infection in preformed lung cavities “Aspergilloma”
invasive infection of lung “invasive aspergillosis”

54
Q

What type of reaction is ABPA

A

type 1 HS reaction IgE mediated with bronchospasm
blood eosinphilia
also type 4 DTH with cell mediated inflammation and lung infiltrates

55
Q

What is an aspergilloma

A

lung cavitations from TB or malignancies that grow aspergillus fungal ball in cavity

56
Q

What is Tx for aspergilloma

A

surgical excision

57
Q

What is presentation of invasive aspergillosus

A

slowly progressive asymptomatic pneumonia, multiple nodular infiltrates
high mortality rate

58
Q

What toxin does aspergillus secrete? where is it most prominent?

A

Aflatoxin

peanuts grains and rice in sahara desert in Africa

59
Q

What patients are at highest risk for mucormycosis infection

A

profound acidotic patients like diabetics, immunocompromised, burn patients or those taking iron chelator deferox-amine

60
Q

What areas do the mucormycosis fungi infect

A

sinuses, cranial bones and blood vessels

61
Q

What are the fungi like bacteria

A

Actinomycetes and Nocardia

62
Q

What is important about Actinomycetes

A 
gram + filamentous beaded anaerobe
normal flora
eroding abscesses
sulfur granules
treat with Penicillin
63
Q

What is important about Nocardia

A

gram + beaded filamentous ACID FAST
not normal flora
misDx as TB alot
Tx with sulfamethoxazole

LAST EXAMMMMMM Year I (24 decks)

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