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Human Nutrition & Health > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins?

A

Protein is a macronutrient made from amino acids and contains nitrogen and maybe some sulphur.

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2
Q

Multiple amino acids become….?

A

polypeptides

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3
Q

Protein provides building- material for body tissues. What are these?

A

Muscles, enzymes, hormones, connective tissue (CT), antibodies, and RBC’s

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4
Q

What are the major functions of proteins int he body?

A

Structure (bones, teeth, skin), enzyme production, movement (via muscles), communication (protein hormones and cell-signaling hormones), immunity, and regulation of pH

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5
Q

Amino acids are the building blocks of ______.

A

protein

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6
Q

Protein is broken down by enzymes and absorbed by teh body as _______.

A

amino aicds

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7
Q

How many different amino acids do we need to make all of the proteins required by the body?

A

20 different amino aicds

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8
Q

How many essential amino acids are there? Why are they essential?

A

9 essential

They are essential because the body cannot produce them. They must instead, be consumed.

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9
Q

How many non-essential amino acids are there? Why are they non-essential?

A

11 non-essential

The body can produce them and they are not necessary in our diets.

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10
Q

What are the essential amino acids (there are nine)?

A

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

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11
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids (there are eleven)?

A

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, gluatmic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

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12
Q

How much protein do you need?

A

Enough to supply adequate amounts of essential amino acids, and enough for additional nitrogen to synthesize nonessential amino acids

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13
Q

**How many grams per 20 pounds of body weight should someone have a day?

A

8 grams

**know this for exam

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14
Q

How many grams of protein a day should the average sedentary man have?

A

56-91 grams

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15
Q

How many grams per day should the average sedentary woman have?

A

46-75 grams

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16
Q

How much protein should pregnant women have a day?

A

25% more than the average daily requirement

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17
Q

Protein at 25-30% of calories has been shown to boost metabolism by up to how many calories per day?

A

80-100 calories

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18
Q

What is the most important contribution of protein to weight loss?

A

Its ability to reduce appetite and cause a spontaneous reduction in calorie intake

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19
Q

True or False. Protein is much more satiating than both fat and carbs

A

True

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20
Q

What are the best sources of proteins?

A

Meats, fish, eggs and dairy products.

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21
Q

How is sickle-cell anemia caused?

A

Disease caued by a single error in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin.

It causes red blood cells to become misshapen.

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22
Q

What is denaturation (irreversible)?

A

Alteration of a protein’s 3-dimensional structure by heat, agitation, acid, chemicals, enzymes or heavy metals such as lead or mercury

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23
Q

What can a fever above 105 degrees F do?

A

Denature enzymes and proteins in the body, and can cause death

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24
Q

When proteins enter the stomach, what hormone is secreted?

A

Hormone gastrin

25
Q

What does the hormone gastrin do?

A

Stimulates production and release of gastric juice (HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, IF)

26
Q

What does HCl do to proteins in the stomach?

A

It denatures it.

27
Q

What does pepsin (a protease) do to proteins in the stomach?

A

It breaks peptide bonds between amino acids in the protein, producing shorter polypeptides

28
Q

What hormones are secreted by the duodenum?

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

29
Q

What does the pancreas release in response to hormones secreted by the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice, which neutralizes acid and inactivates pepsin

30
Q

______ are converted into active proteases

A

proenzymes

31
Q

Name the four proenzymes that the pancreas produces.

A

Trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase

32
Q

Name the active enzymes cleaved by enzymes in duodenal enterocytes.

A

Trypsin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

33
Q

_____ break proteins down to tri-peptides, di-peptides, and free amino acids

A

proteases

34
Q

Where are dipeptides and tripeptides transported? What happens here?

A

They are transported into the enterocytes. Here, di-peptides and tri-peptides are converted into free amino acids.

35
Q

Name the three types of digestion a protein undergoes (in order).

A
  1. Luminal digestion (oligopeptides)
  2. Membrane digestion
  3. Cytoplasmic digestion (free amino acids)
36
Q

Where does absorption of amino acids take place?

A

The duoedenum and the jejunum.

37
Q

Amino acids must be transported into the _______

A

brush border (enterocytes)

38
Q

What is a complete protein source?

A

Contains adequate relative amounts of all essential amino acids

39
Q

What is an incomplete protein source?

A

Contains very low amounts of one or more essential amino acids

40
Q

What are sources of complete protein?

A

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products

Plant protein: soy

41
Q

What is protein complementation?

A

Combining foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amounts of essential amino acids

42
Q

What are some examples of complementary proteins?

A

Beans and corn tortillas, PB & whole bread, Rice and beans, tofu with rice, hummus with pita bread, chickpeas and rice

43
Q

What organ in the body is the main site for protein synthesis?

A

The liver

44
Q

What are the roles of the liver?

A

Detoxify drugs & alcohol, degradation of hormones, produces cholesterol and proteins including blood proteins

45
Q

What is done with excess protein?

A

It is stored as fat, broken down for energy and used to make carbs or fat

46
Q

What are the most common protein allergy foods?

A

Wheat, milk, eggs, peanuts, fish, shellfish, soy

47
Q

What is kwashiorkor caused by (protein deficiency disease?

A

Occurs mainly in children whose diet lacks high-quality protein

48
Q

What is marasmus caused by (protein deficiency disease)?

A

A diet low in both protein and calories

49
Q

What are lacto-ovo vegetarians?

A

No meats, poultry, fish but include eggs and dairy

50
Q

What is a lactovegetarian?

A

Plant and dairy products only

51
Q

What are some of the health benefits of vegetarian diets?

A

Heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer

52
Q

How can you speed up your metabolism and get rid of belly fat?

A
  1. Skip the sugar
  2. Ditch flour
  3. Start the day off with protein
  4. Have protein with every meal
53
Q

Organic milk cows are often milked while pregnant, producing milk that’s full of what?

A

Hormones

54
Q

The average glass of milk has how many types of hormones in it?

A

60

55
Q

True or False. Clinical research shows that dairy products have little or no benefit for bones.

A

True

56
Q

Amino acids can be converted to glucose via?

A

Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

Balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis

58
Q

What is an amino acid pool?

A

In the body, amino acids are that are immediately available to cells for protein synthesis and other purposes

Human Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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