Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

length of DNA containing a sequence of bases that code for a specific protein

Question 2

Sequence of nucleotides

Answer 2

code for the order of amino acids in the protein

determing the folding of the poly peptide chain

Question 3

sequence of bases

Answer 3

responsible for proteins role

Question 4

Where are the genes found?

Answer 4

specific locus on the chromosomes

Question 5

Triplet Code

Answer 5

3 DNA bases in order code for one amino acid

Question 6

How many different triplets are there?

Answer 6

64

Question 7

Degenerate

Answer 7

some amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

Question 8

How many amino acids exist?

Answer 8

20

Question 9

How many strands code for a protein?

Answer 9

Only the 1 template strand

Question 10

Allelles

Answer 10

different forms of the same gene

Question 11

mRNA

Answer 11

messenger RNA

Question 12

mRNA Sugar

Answer 12

Ribose

Question 13

mRNA Bases

Answer 13

G to C and A to U

Question 14

Base U

Answer 14

Uracil

Question 15

mRNA Shape

Answer 15

single stranded

Question 16

3 bases in mRNA

Answer 16

codon

Question 17

tRNA

Answer 17

transfer RNA

Question 18

tRNA Sugar

Answer 18

Ribose

Question 19

tRNA Bases

Answer 19

G to C and A to U

Question 20

tRNA Shape

Answer 20

single stranded

clover leaf shape due to base pairing

Question 21

3 bases in tRNA

Answer 21

anticodon

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

gene in DNA is copied into mRNA
mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus
attaches to a ribosome

Question 23

DNA —–> mRNA

Answer 23

DNA helicase unwins double helix breaking hydrogen bonds
free RNA nucleotides bind to exposed complemetary bases
forming hydrogen bonds
RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
forming a sugar-phosphate backbone
mRNA strand now detaches from the template/sense strand
the 2 DNA starnds join back together by complementary base pairing
wind back up into a double helix

Question 24

Intron

Answer 24

interupting sequence

do not code for anything

Question 25

Exon

Answer 25

coding genetics of the sequence

Question 26

Post-Transcriptional Modification

Answer 26

RNA polymerase makes a complementary copy of a run of continuous bases introns are removed by enzymes bfore the mRNA levaes the nucleus just leaving exons

Question 27

Many exons

Answer 27

can be arranged in multiple ways to make different polypeptides

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids ribosome attaches to the start codon tRNA with complementary anti codon attaches to the start codon bringing its specific amino acid this also happens for the second codon Ribosome + ATP causes the formation of a peptide bond between the 2 amino acids ribsome moves along the mRNA by one codon and the first tRNA molecule is released goes back to the pool in the cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid this continues down the mRNA until reaching a stop codon many ribosomes can attach to create many polypeptides

Question 29

Translation reults in

Answer 29

the polypeptide chain is then folded into the secondary, tertiary and quaternary proteins

Question 30

Overview of Protein Synthesis

Answer 30

``` DNA -Transcription Pre-mRNA -Splicing Mature -mRNA -Translation Polypeptide Chain -Folding Protein ```

Question 31

Mutation

Answer 31

change in the base sequence of DNA

Question 32

What causes mutation?

Answer 32

exposure to UV light X-Rays High energy radiation Carcinogens

Question 33

Frame Shift

Answer 33

Caused by addition or deletion mutation by adding or removing a base the gene is read in the wrong 3 base groups resulting in entirely different polypeptides

Question 34

Point mutation

Answer 34

Substitutions | only affect one particular point on the polypeptide chain

Question 35

NonSense Mutation

Answer 35

substitution of a base leads to a premature stop codon | successful synthesis is very unlikely

Question 36

Stop Codons

Answer 36

UAA UAG UGA

Question 37

MisSense Mutation

Answer 37

change in base leads to a different amino acid as there is only one amino acid different you can get away with it sometimes but can also have consequential affects

Question 38

Silent Mutation

Answer 38

since some amino acids are degenerate substitution can lead to the same amino acid being coded for so there is no change