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Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

length of DNA containing a sequence of bases that code for a specific protein

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2
Q

Sequence of nucleotides

A

code for the order of amino acids in the protein

determing the folding of the poly peptide chain

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3
Q

sequence of bases

A

responsible for proteins role

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4
Q

Where are the genes found?

A

specific locus on the chromosomes

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5
Q

Triplet Code

A

3 DNA bases in order code for one amino acid

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6
Q

How many different triplets are there?

A

64

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7
Q

Degenerate

A

some amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

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8
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

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9
Q

How many strands code for a protein?

A

Only the 1 template strand

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10
Q

Allelles

A

different forms of the same gene

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11
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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12
Q

mRNA Sugar

A

Ribose

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13
Q

mRNA Bases

A

G to C and A to U

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14
Q

Base U

A

Uracil

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15
Q

mRNA Shape

A

single stranded

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16
Q

3 bases in mRNA

A

codon

17
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

18
Q

tRNA Sugar

A

Ribose

19
Q

tRNA Bases

A

G to C and A to U

20
Q

tRNA Shape

A

single stranded

clover leaf shape due to base pairing

21
Q

3 bases in tRNA

A

anticodon

22
Q

Transcription

A

gene in DNA is copied into mRNA
mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus
attaches to a ribosome

23
Q

DNA —–> mRNA

A

DNA helicase unwins double helix breaking hydrogen bonds
free RNA nucleotides bind to exposed complemetary bases
forming hydrogen bonds
RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
forming a sugar-phosphate backbone
mRNA strand now detaches from the template/sense strand
the 2 DNA starnds join back together by complementary base pairing
wind back up into a double helix

24
Q

Intron

A

interupting sequence

do not code for anything

25
Q

Exon

A

coding genetics of the sequence

26
Q

Post-Transcriptional Modification

A

RNA polymerase makes a complementary copy of a run of continuous bases
introns are removed by enzymes bfore the mRNA levaes the nucleus
just leaving exons

27
Q

Many exons

A

can be arranged in multiple ways to make different polypeptides

28
Q

Translation

A

conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids

ribosome attaches to the start codon
tRNA with complementary anti codon attaches to the start codon
bringing its specific amino acid
this also happens for the second codon
Ribosome + ATP causes the formation of a peptide bond between the 2 amino acids
ribsome moves along the mRNA by one codon and the first tRNA molecule is released
goes back to the pool in the cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid
this continues down the mRNA until reaching a stop codon

many ribosomes can attach to create many polypeptides

29
Q

Translation reults in

A

the polypeptide chain is then folded into the secondary, tertiary and quaternary proteins

30
Q

Overview of Protein Synthesis

A 
DNA 
          -Transcription
Pre-mRNA
          -Splicing
Mature -mRNA
          -Translation
Polypeptide Chain 
          -Folding
Protein
31
Q

Mutation

A

change in the base sequence of DNA

32
Q

What causes mutation?

A

exposure to UV light
X-Rays
High energy radiation
Carcinogens

33
Q

Frame Shift

A

Caused by addition or deletion mutation
by adding or removing a base the gene is read in the wrong 3 base groups
resulting in entirely different polypeptides

34
Q

Point mutation

A

Substitutions

only affect one particular point on the polypeptide chain

35
Q

NonSense Mutation

A

substitution of a base leads to a premature stop codon

successful synthesis is very unlikely

36
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

37
Q

MisSense Mutation

A

change in base leads to a different amino acid
as there is only one amino acid different
you can get away with it sometimes but can also have consequential affects

38
Q

Silent Mutation

A

since some amino acids are degenerate substitution can lead to the same amino acid being coded for so there is no change

Biology (24 decks)

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