ATP, Water and Reactions

Question 1

Endocytosis

Answer 1

a cell surounds a substance with a section of its cell membrane,
the membrane pinches off to form a vescile inside the cell,

Question 2

What uses Endocytosis

Answer 2

Phagocytes use endocytosis to ingest and digest bacteria and dead cells

Question 3

What is taken in through Endocytosis

Answer 3

Cholesterol

Question 4

Exocytosis

Answer 4

vescile containing substances fuses with the membrane and releases the substances outside the cell

Question 5

What is removed by Exocytosis

Answer 5

enzymes and antibodies

Question 6

Exergonic reaction

Answer 6

relases energy

Question 7

Endergonic reaction

Answer 7

needs energy to drive them

Question 8

Exothermic reaction

Answer 8

releases heat

Question 9

Endothermic reaction

Answer 9

takes in heat

Question 10

Respiratation / Combustion of Glucose

Answer 10

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide +water+ energy,

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

Adenosine Triphosphate:

Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate Groups.

Question 12

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 12

ATP + H2O ——> ADP + Pi

gives out energy

Question 13

Break down of ATP

Answer 13

ATP can be broken down into ADP + Pi which are used to re-synthesised more ATP.
Breaking bonds to release energy happens in a single step reaction so energy is released quickly.

Question 14

Negatively Charged Phosphates are…….

Answer 14

under stress due to charges repelling,

this releases energy as the bonds are broken.

Question 15

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 15

High energy PO4^2- transferred from other molecules to ADP.

Question 16

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 16

The energy of oxidation reactions provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP.

Question 17

Photophosphorylation

Answer 17

Thylakoid membranes in plants use light energy to add a phosphate group to ADP.

Question 18

ATPase

Answer 18

An enzyme which hydrolyses

ATP ——–> ADP + Pi

Question 19

ATP synthase

Answer 19

An enzyme which synthesises ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 20

Transmembrane ATPase

Answer 20

A protein which spans the membrane and hydrogen ATP.

Question 21

Anabolic Reactions

Answer 21

Build macromolecules from smaller ones,
Require energy input (ATP hydrolysis),
e.g. protein synthesis and formation of polysaccharides.

Question 22

Catabolic Reactions

Answer 22

Break down of large molecules into smaller ones,
releases energy,
e.g. hydrolysis of starch

Question 23

Energy uses in:

Anabolic Reactions

Answer 23

Synthesis of protein and DNA.

Question 24

Energy uses in:

Haeting the Organism

Answer 24

Waste energy from transfer.

Question 25

Energy uses in:

Active Transport

Answer 25

Secretory activities (endocytosis/exocytosis).

Question 26

Energy uses in:

Muscle Contraction

Answer 26

To pump more blood around the body.

Question 27

Energy uses in:

Cell Division

Answer 27

mitosis,
meiosis,
binary fission.

Question 28

Energy uses in:

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 28

Glucose would relase too much energy to be channelled into cellular reactions when hydrolysed,
in efficient use of this energetic molecule,
ATP releases nice ‘packets’ of energy that are just enough for one cjemical reaction,
the reaction happens all in one step and not several.

Question 29

Water

Answer 29

polar solvent molecucle,
it is not charged overall,
the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight postivie charge,
water is dipolar.

Question 30

Binding of 2 water molecules

Answer 30

water molecules are attracted to each other,

held together by hydrogen bonds.

Question 31

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 31

weaker than covalent bonds but together in numbers are strong.

Question 32

The Universal Solvent

Answer 32

so much can dissolve in water however it is not truly universal.

Question 33

High `specific Heat Capacity

Answer 33

It takes alot of energy to change the temperature of water due to the hydrogen bonding between molecules,
temperature changes are small in aquatic ecosystems and in organisms (which are mainly water).

Question 34

Latent Heat of Vaporistaion

Answer 34

It takes a lot of energy to make water evaporate,
when sweat evaporates energy from the surface of the organism is removed,
the cools the body.

Question 35

Cohesion and Surface Tension

Answer 35

water molecules stick together,
they form long columns when they are drawn up plants,
tehy form a surface that pond skaters can live on in bodies of water.

Question 36

Density of the Solid Upon Freezing

Answer 36

Ice is less dense than water,

it forms an insulating layer on the surface of a pond when it freezes from the top down protecting aquatic organisms.

Question 37

water reisits change of state because….

Answer 37

hydrogen bonding,

this moderates earths temperatures.

Question 38

water resists changes in temberature because…..

Answer 38

hydrogen bonding helps keep our body temperature constant

Question 39

water is a universal solvent because….

Answer 39

its polarity which facilitates chemical reactions.

Question 40

water is cohesive and adhesive because……

Answer 40

hydrgen bonding and polarity,

it serves as a transport medium.

Question 41

water has a high surface tension because…….

Answer 41

hydrogen bonding menas it is difficult to break surface tension.

Question 42

water is less dense as ice than liquid water because…..

Answer 42

hydrogen bonding,

resulting in ice floating on water.

Question 43

water catalyses…….

Answer 43

photosynthesis,
condesation reactions,
hydrolysis reactions.

Question 44

water is not……

Answer 44

easily compressible which forms the hydrostatic skeleton in worms.

Question 45

water is transported so……

Answer 45

plants can live underwater

Question 46

All ions dissolve in water

Answer 46

All ions dissolve in water

Question 47

ATP Synthesis

Answer 47

ADP + Pi ——-> ATP

Energy input