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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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2
Q

Interphase

A

Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

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3
Q

Prophase

A

DNA becomes condensed
Chromosomes becomes more distinct
Nuclear Envelope breaks down and dissolves
Centrioles migrate to the poles

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindles have fully formed

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell (mataphase plate)

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles contract
Centimere divide
spindle pulls 1 chromatid from each pair to opposite poles of the cell

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6
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatids reach poles
spindles break down
2 new nuclear envelopes are formed
chromosomes decondese again

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell divides into 2 identical diploid daughter cells
genetically identical
chromosomes are indistinct
nucleolus is now present

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8
Q

Why do cells divide by mitosis?

A

growth and repair of damaged cells or tissues

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9
Q

Meiosis

A

Meisosi 1 and Meiois 2

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10
Q

Meiosis 1

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 1
Metapahse 1
Anapahse 1
Telophase 1
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11
Q

Interphase

A

Semi Conservative DNA Replication

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12
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosmes condense becoming visible
nuclear membrane breaks down
spindles start to form

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13
Q

Mataphase 1

A

Bivalents line up along the equator in homologous pairs (metaphase plate)

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14
Q

Anaphase 1

A 
Spindles contract
Bivalents are pulled apart 
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart 
Separated randomly 
2 chromatids are pulled towards the poles
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15
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes reach the poles
Nuclear envelope starts to reform
Cells do NOT divide

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16
Q

Meiosis 2

A 
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2 
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis
17
Q

Prophase 2

A

Spindles form around both sets of chromosomes

nuclear membrane breaks down

18
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosmes line up along the equator (metaphase plate)

19
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Spindle fibres contract causing
centomeres divide
chromatids separate to opposite poles

20
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes reach poles and disperse
spindles break down
nuclear membrane reforms

21
Q

Cytokinesis

A 
Cytoplasm divides 
membranes form around new cells 
producing 4 haploid daughter cells 
23 chromosomes 
NOT genetically identical
22
Q

Why do cells divide by mitosis

A

produce gametes

sex cells

23
Q

Cell Cycle

A

cells spend 90% of thir time in interphase and the rest in mitosis

24
Q

G1 phase

A

after mitosis the 2 small cells enter this phase

here they grow up to normal cell size

25
Q

S1 phase

A

after G1 if the cells get the message to divide they move into tis phase where DNA replication occurs

26
Q

GO phase

A

resting phase
after G1 if they do not move into the S1 phase they move here
it can be temporary or for the rest of its life
this is where stem cells wait until they are needed for replcaement

27
Q

G2 phase

A

after the S1 phase is complete cells move into this phase

preparation for division and undergo more growth

28
Q

Variation is increased in

A

Crossing over in prophase 1

Independent segregation in anaphase 1

29
Q

Random Combinations

A

4 daughter cells have completely different combinations of chromosomes
due to random segregation in meiosis 1 and 2

30
Q

Independent Segregataion

A

Either copy of a chromosme can go towards the gamete
the other copy can move to the same side or other side
Both have the same genes just different alleles

31
Q

2^n

A

number of unique gametes that could be formed

n = number of homologous pairs in the organism

32
Q

(2^n)^2

A

Number of combinations

33
Q

Crossing Over

A

each pair of homologous chromosomes become twisted around each other
tension causes part of the chromosome to break off
these broken portions join the the other partner of the homologous pair
equivalent portions of the chromosmes are exchanged

34
Q

Bacterial Cell Division

A

Binary Fission
circular DNA replication
attachment to cell membrane
plasmid replication
cell membrane grows between the 2 DNA molecules
seperating them
new cell wall forms between the 2 DNA molecules

35
Q

Viral Replication

A

Virus attachment proteins attach to the receptor proteins on cell surface membrane
virus injects its genetic material into the cell
cell produces new viral proteins and genetic material
assembling new virus particles

Biology (24 decks)

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