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Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antigen

A

A protein on the cell surface which recognises it as a non-self molecule which then causes an immune response

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

A micro organism that causes disease

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bacterium relases chemoattractants for the phagocyte to follow
Foreign antigens bind to the surface ignorer for the phagocyte to engulf the bacterium
Bacterium becomes a vesicle with a protective layer
Phagosome
Lysosomes fuse and inject into the phagosome
Phagolysosome
Lysosomes release digestive hydrolytic enzymes which break down and destroy the phagolysosome
Exocytosis

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4
Q

Immune Response

A 
Pathogen
Antigne 
Phagocyte 
Antigen Presenting Cell 
T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
Memory B Cells 
Plasma Cells 
Antibodies
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5
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A 
Divide by mitosis 
create clones 
memory T cells 
cytotoxic T cells 
B cells
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6
Q

B-Lymphocytes

A

Divide by mitosis
create clones
memory B cells
plasma cells

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7
Q

Plasma Calls

A

Create antibodies

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8
Q

Antibodies

A 
proteins 
4 polypeptide chains
-2 long and heavy
-2 short and light
variable region is specific to an antigen
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9
Q

Antigen-Antibody Complex

A

Antigen-Antibody Complex

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10
Q

Do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

Antibodies do not direvtly destroy pathogens they just prepare them for destruction

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11
Q

Agglutination

A

cause microbes to clump together

act as markers

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12
Q

Neutralisation

A

some pathogens produce toxin

antibodues nautralise these toxins

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13
Q

Viruses

A

proteins on their surface bind to receipts on the host cell
this is how they enter the cell
Antibodies stop viruses binding to host cells so they can not enter

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14
Q

Polyclonal Antibodies

A

when different types of antiobodies are produced by one pathogen

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15
Q

How to create Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Inject specific antigen into mouse
Stimulating the prodocudtion of plasma cells
Plasmas cells are removed and fused with cancerous myeloma cells
Hybridoma cells are formed which are immortal and divide infinetly
Producing a single type of antibody

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16
Q

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Use in treatments of cancer
Medical diagnosis
Pregnancy testing

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17
Q

Problems with Monclonal Antibodies

A

As we use mice their antibodies might be too different and recognised as foreign in our own body which will trigger and immune response
quickly inactivating the mAbs

18
Q

How to minimise mAbs risk

A

geneticaly engineering the mAbs inorder to humanise them

19
Q

Ethics of mAbs

A

Involes using mice or rabbits which deliberatly induces cancer in them
leads to suffering and death

20
Q

Safety of mAbs

A

there have been associated deaths
not all good ecperineces in testing
can cause long term health problems

21
Q

Direct Cancer Treatment

A

mAbs specific to the antigens on cancer cells are produced
Antibody binds to cancer call and blocks chemical signals
that stimulate growth

22
Q

Indirect Cancer Treatment

A

radioactive/cytotoxic drugs are attached to the antibody
antibody binds to the recpetor on the cancer cell
call is killed

23
Q

ADEPT

A

Antibody Dependent Enzyme Prodrug Therapy

using antibodies complemetary to specific pathogens in the blood to detect their presence

24
Q

Pregnancy testing

A

mAbs antibody complementary to HCG (only detected during pregnancy)
mAbs attaches to HCG and pulls it down

25
Q

B and T Lymphocytes Activation

A

B cell triggered when it encounters matching antigen
B cell engulfs the antigen and displays fragments of its MHC molecule
Antigen and MHC combination attracts mature matching T call
T cells secrete cytokinesis which actiavtes B cells to multiply and mature
Plasma cells
Released into the blood
Antigen-Antibody complexes cleared by the complement cascade.

26
Q

Vaccine

A

preperation of antigen
injected or given by mouth
antigen from vaccine enters body
stimulates primary immune response

27
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Antigens bind to complemetary glycoprotein on B and T lymphocytes
Stimulates immune response

28
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

B and T lymphocytes dic=vide by mitosis

29
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

B lymphocytes activate plasma cell production
Antibodies produced to neutralise or agglutinate pathogens
Takes a few days for antibody numbers to rise in blood

Same process occurs whether it is naturally or a vaccine

30
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

B memory cells circulate in the blood
Upon antigen binding they rapidly divide by mitosis to give plasma cells
Antibodies are produced faster than in the primary and there is no need for T cell actiavtion

Rapid response to the antigen

31
Q

Vaccination

A 
Antigen stimualte primary response 
Specific B cells bind to antigens 
Actiavtes by T helper cells
B cells divide by mitosis to produce plasma cells and memory cells
Plasmas cells produce antibodies
Neutalise infection 
Memory cells encounter antigen 
Stimulates secondary rsponse 
Much faster

more vaccines boost levels of memory cells

32
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Biological process

33
Q

Artificial Immunity

A

scientific/medical process

34
Q

Active Immunity

A

Lymphocyte receptors actiavted by antigens

35
Q

Passive Immunity

A

no lymphocytes are activated

36
Q

Natural Active

A

long term
infected by disease causing an immune response
takes time

37
Q

Natural Passive

A

Immediate protection
antibodies from mother (across placenta) or (breast milk)
short term immunity

38
Q

Artifical Active

A

long term immunity
immunisation or vaccination
takes time

39
Q

Artifical Passive

A

immediate protection
injected with antibodies (tetanus injections)
short term immunity

40
Q

Immunodeficinecy

A

They dont have an immune system so giving them a vaccine could kill them.
They can’t fight off the infection.

41
Q

Herd Immunity

A

if almost eveyone in the population is vaccinated
it is unlikely the small amount of people who arent will become infected
There is no one to pass on the infection and nowhere for it to live

42
Q

Antigenic Variation

A

Pathogens can slightly change their surface antigens
Upon secondary infection memory cells do not recognise the antigens
Vaccine development beomes difficult

Biology (24 decks)

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