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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The breaking down of a polymer using the addition of water.

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2
Q

Poly peptides are hydrolysed to make……….

A

Amino Acids

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3
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

In the formation of polymers, water is released.

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4
Q

Amino acids condense to make……….

A

Poly peptides

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5
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic and non-polar/uncharged molecules.

e.g. fats, oil, cholesterol.

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6
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbons
3 hydroxyl groups

               H
                -
         H - C - OH
                -
         H - C - OH 
                -
         H - C - OH
                -
               H
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7
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group (carboxyl group) at one end.

    O = C - R
            -
           OH
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8
Q

Triglyceride

A

Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids

   H     
               O
    -          =  H - C - O - C - R

               O
    -          =  H - C - O - C - R
                  O
        -          =
 H - C - O - C - R
        -
       H
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9
Q

Making Triglycerides

A

Condenstaion Reaction

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids ———–> Triglyceride + 3 Water

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10
Q

Breaking Triglycerides

A

Hydrolysis

Triglyceride + 3 Water ——–> Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

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11
Q

Do all fatty acids have to be the same?

A

No.

Each fatty acid can be the same or different.

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12
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Only single carbone-carbon bonds.

      H   H   H   H
       -    -     -    -
H - C - C - C - C - H
       -    -    -     - 
      H   H   H  H
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13
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Contains carbon-carbon double bonds.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C - C = C - H
       -    -    -      - 
      H   H   H    H
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14
Q

Mono Unstaurated

A

One double bond.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C - C = C - H
       -    -    -      - 
      H   H   H   H
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15
Q

Poly Unsaturated

A

More than one double bond.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C = C - C = H
       -    -    -      -  
      H   H   H   H
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16
Q

How Saturated Fatty Acids lay

A

Saturated fatty acids lay side by side meaning they have stronger intermolecular forces.

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17
Q

How Unsaturated Fatty Acids Lay

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids do not lay side by side so easily resultng in weaker intermolecular forces.

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18
Q

Animal Fats

A

Saturated fatty acids
high melting points
solid at room temperature

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19
Q

Plant Oils

A

Unsaturated fatty acids
low melting points
liquid at room temperature

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20
Q

Lipis are a source of

A

energy

21
Q

Waterproofing Lipids

A

reduce water loss

22
Q

Lipids have

A

thermal and electrical insulation,

protection on vital organs

23
Q

Triglycerides are a storage of

A

energy in body fat (adipose tissue)

Body fat acts as an insulation from cold and protects delicate organs

24
Q

Carbohydrates are

A

organic compounds

only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

25
Q

Monosaccahride

A 
Simplest signle sugar 
(CH2O)n
n = 3-7
white crystaline solids
dissolve in water
26
Q

ABBA

A

Alpha Below Beta Above

Hydroxyl group position in ring

27
Q

Number carbons

A

Clockwise from oxygen in the ring

28
Q

Alpha and Beta glucose

A

Isomers of each other

29
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

soluble in water
easily transported
easily broken down
relases lots of energy

30
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monomers bonded together

31
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

32
Q

Sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

33
Q

Lactose

A

glucose and galactose

34
Q

Polysachharide

A

chain of many monosaccharides bonded together
repeated monosaccharide sub units in condensation reactions
NOT sugars

35
Q

Starch

A

plant storage of glucose for energy in respiration

36
Q

Starch Helical Structure

A

good for storage as it is compacts

37
Q

Starch is Insoluble

A

doesnt lower the water potential of a cell

38
Q

Starch is Large

A

so it can not leabe the cell

39
Q

Amylose

A

Straight Chain

alpha 1-4 glycociddic bonds

40
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched Chain

alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycocidic bonds

41
Q

Which breaks down faster?

Amylose or Amylopectin

A

Amylopectin

Branched so has a quicker breakdown

42
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal storgae of glucose for energy in respiration

43
Q

Glycogen bonds

A

alpha 1-4 and 1-6

44
Q

Glycogen breakdown

A

Short and branched chains

quicker breakdown

45
Q

Cellulose

A

polymer of beta glucose

inverted monomers

46
Q

Cellulose chains

A

Run parallel with hydrogen bonds between layers of chain

straught chains

47
Q

Cellulose is Fibrous

A

Struturally important in plant cell walls

48
Q

Cellulose bonds

A

Beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds

49
Q

Cellulose prevents

A

Osmosticlysis

Biology (24 decks)

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