Biological Molecules

Question 1

Hydrolysis

Answer 1

The breaking down of a polymer using the addition of water.

Question 2

Poly peptides are hydrolysed to make……….

Answer 2

Amino Acids

Question 3

Condensation Reaction

Answer 3

In the formation of polymers, water is released.

Question 4

Amino acids condense to make……….

Answer 4

Poly peptides

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

Hydrophobic and non-polar/uncharged molecules.

e.g. fats, oil, cholesterol.

Question 6

Glycerol

Answer 6

3 carbons
3 hydroxyl groups

               H
                -
         H - C - OH
                -
         H - C - OH 
                -
         H - C - OH
                -
               H

Question 7

Fatty Acids

Answer 7

Hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group (carboxyl group) at one end.

    O = C - R
            -
           OH

Question 8

Triglyceride

Answer 8

Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids

   H     
               O
    -          =  H - C - O - C - R

               O
    -          =  H - C - O - C - R

                  O
        -          =
 H - C - O - C - R
        -
       H

Question 9

Making Triglycerides

Answer 9

Condenstaion Reaction

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids ———–> Triglyceride + 3 Water

Question 10

Breaking Triglycerides

Answer 10

Hydrolysis

Triglyceride + 3 Water ——–> Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

Question 11

Do all fatty acids have to be the same?

Answer 11

No.

Each fatty acid can be the same or different.

Question 12

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 12

Only single carbone-carbon bonds.

      H   H   H   H
       -    -     -    -
H - C - C - C - C - H
       -    -    -     - 
      H   H   H  H

Question 13

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 13

Contains carbon-carbon double bonds.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C - C = C - H
       -    -    -      - 
      H   H   H    H

Question 14

Mono Unstaurated

Answer 14

One double bond.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C - C = C - H
       -    -    -      - 
      H   H   H   H

Question 15

Poly Unsaturated

Answer 15

More than one double bond.

      H   H   H    H
       -    -     -     -
H - C - C = C - C = H
       -    -    -      -  
      H   H   H   H

Question 16

How Saturated Fatty Acids lay

Answer 16

Saturated fatty acids lay side by side meaning they have stronger intermolecular forces.

Question 17

How Unsaturated Fatty Acids Lay

Answer 17

Unsaturated Fatty Acids do not lay side by side so easily resultng in weaker intermolecular forces.

Question 18

Animal Fats

Answer 18

Saturated fatty acids
high melting points
solid at room temperature

Question 19

Plant Oils

Answer 19

Unsaturated fatty acids
low melting points
liquid at room temperature

Question 20

Lipis are a source of

Answer 20

energy

Question 21

Waterproofing Lipids

Answer 21

reduce water loss

Question 22

Lipids have

Answer 22

thermal and electrical insulation,

protection on vital organs

Question 23

Triglycerides are a storage of

Answer 23

energy in body fat (adipose tissue)

Body fat acts as an insulation from cold and protects delicate organs

Question 24

Carbohydrates are

Answer 24

organic compounds

only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 25

Monosaccahride

Answer 25

``` Simplest signle sugar (CH2O)n n = 3-7 white crystaline solids dissolve in water ```

Question 26

ABBA

Answer 26

Alpha Below Beta Above | Hydroxyl group position in ring

Question 27

Number carbons

Answer 27

Clockwise from oxygen in the ring

Question 28

Alpha and Beta glucose

Answer 28

Isomers of each other

Question 29

Alpha Glucose

Answer 29

soluble in water easily transported easily broken down relases lots of energy

Question 30

Disaccharide

Answer 30

2 monomers bonded together

Question 31

Maltose

Answer 31

Glucose and glucose

Question 32

Sucrose

Answer 32

fructose and glucose

Question 33

Lactose

Answer 33

glucose and galactose

Question 34

Polysachharide

Answer 34

chain of many monosaccharides bonded together repeated monosaccharide sub units in condensation reactions NOT sugars

Question 35

Starch

Answer 35

plant storage of glucose for energy in respiration

Question 36

Starch Helical Structure

Answer 36

good for storage as it is compacts

Question 37

Starch is Insoluble

Answer 37

doesnt lower the water potential of a cell

Question 38

Starch is Large

Answer 38

so it can not leabe the cell

Question 39

Amylose

Answer 39

Straight Chain | alpha 1-4 glycociddic bonds

Question 40

Amylopectin

Answer 40

Branched Chain | alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycocidic bonds

Question 41

Which breaks down faster? | Amylose or Amylopectin

Answer 41

Amylopectin | Branched so has a quicker breakdown

Question 42

Glycogen

Answer 42

Animal storgae of glucose for energy in respiration

Question 43

Glycogen bonds

Answer 43

alpha 1-4 and 1-6

Question 44

Glycogen breakdown

Answer 44

Short and branched chains | quicker breakdown

Question 45

Cellulose

Answer 45

polymer of beta glucose | inverted monomers

Question 46

Cellulose chains

Answer 46

Run parallel with hydrogen bonds between layers of chain | straught chains

Question 47

Cellulose is Fibrous

Answer 47

Struturally important in plant cell walls

Question 48

Cellulose bonds

Answer 48

Beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds

Question 49

Cellulose prevents

Answer 49

Osmosticlysis