Biological Molecules Flashcards
Hydrolysis
The breaking down of a polymer using the addition of water.
Poly peptides are hydrolysed to make……….
Amino Acids
Condensation Reaction
In the formation of polymers, water is released.
Amino acids condense to make……….
Poly peptides
Lipids
Hydrophobic and non-polar/uncharged molecules.
e.g. fats, oil, cholesterol.
Glycerol
3 carbons
3 hydroxyl groups
H
-
H - C - OH
-
H - C - OH
-
H - C - OH
-
H
Fatty Acids
Hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group (carboxyl group) at one end.
O = C - R
-
OH
Triglyceride
Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
H
O
- = H - C - O - C - R
O
- = H - C - O - C - R
O
- =
H - C - O - C - R
-
H
Making Triglycerides
Condenstaion Reaction
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids ———–> Triglyceride + 3 Water
Breaking Triglycerides
Hydrolysis
Triglyceride + 3 Water ——–> Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
Do all fatty acids have to be the same?
No.
Each fatty acid can be the same or different.
Saturated Fatty Acid
Only single carbone-carbon bonds.
H H H H
- - - -
H - C - C - C - C - H
- - - -
H H H H
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Contains carbon-carbon double bonds.
H H H H
- - - -
H - C - C - C = C - H
- - - -
H H H H
Mono Unstaurated
One double bond.
H H H H
- - - -
H - C - C - C = C - H
- - - -
H H H H
Poly Unsaturated
More than one double bond.
H H H H
- - - -
H - C - C = C - C = H
- - - -
H H H H
How Saturated Fatty Acids lay
Saturated fatty acids lay side by side meaning they have stronger intermolecular forces.
How Unsaturated Fatty Acids Lay
Unsaturated Fatty Acids do not lay side by side so easily resultng in weaker intermolecular forces.
Animal Fats
Saturated fatty acids
high melting points
solid at room temperature
Plant Oils
Unsaturated fatty acids
low melting points
liquid at room temperature
Lipis are a source of
energy
Waterproofing Lipids
reduce water loss
Lipids have
thermal and electrical insulation,
protection on vital organs
Triglycerides are a storage of
energy in body fat (adipose tissue)
Body fat acts as an insulation from cold and protects delicate organs
Carbohydrates are
organic compounds
only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Monosaccahride
Simplest signle sugar (CH2O)n n = 3-7 white crystaline solids dissolve in water
ABBA
Alpha Below Beta Above
Hydroxyl group position in ring
Number carbons
Clockwise from oxygen in the ring
Alpha and Beta glucose
Isomers of each other
Alpha Glucose
soluble in water
easily transported
easily broken down
relases lots of energy
Disaccharide
2 monomers bonded together
Maltose
Glucose and glucose
Sucrose
fructose and glucose
Lactose
glucose and galactose
Polysachharide
chain of many monosaccharides bonded together
repeated monosaccharide sub units in condensation reactions
NOT sugars
Starch
plant storage of glucose for energy in respiration
Starch Helical Structure
good for storage as it is compacts
Starch is Insoluble
doesnt lower the water potential of a cell
Starch is Large
so it can not leabe the cell
Amylose
Straight Chain
alpha 1-4 glycociddic bonds
Amylopectin
Branched Chain
alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycocidic bonds
Which breaks down faster?
Amylose or Amylopectin
Amylopectin
Branched so has a quicker breakdown
Glycogen
Animal storgae of glucose for energy in respiration
Glycogen bonds
alpha 1-4 and 1-6
Glycogen breakdown
Short and branched chains
quicker breakdown
Cellulose
polymer of beta glucose
inverted monomers
Cellulose chains
Run parallel with hydrogen bonds between layers of chain
straught chains
Cellulose is Fibrous
Struturally important in plant cell walls
Cellulose bonds
Beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds
Cellulose prevents
Osmosticlysis
