Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Where are:

Chromosomes found

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

What is:

DNA?

Answer 2

• Long list of instructions on how to put an organism together and make it work
• Deoxyribose Nucleoid Acid

Question 3

What is a:

gene

Answer 3

A section of DNA that codes for one protein

Question 4

What is the:

Structure of DNA

Answer 4

• Double helix
• Has two strands which are in a helix structure
• Held together by chemicals called bases (there r 4)

Question 5

What are the different:

Bases

Answer 5

• adenine (A)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
• thymine (T) (Uracil in mRNA U)
• A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C
• This is called complementary base pairing

Question 6

What is:

Protein Synthesis

Answer 6

• Made in Two Steps - Transcription and Translation
• This process makes proteins which determine how cells function

Question 7

What is:

cytoplasm

Answer 7

site where most chemical reactions take part in the cell

Question 8

What is a:

Cell

Answer 8

The basic unit of all living organisms

Question 9

What is a:

Chromosome

Answer 9

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

Question 10

What is:

DNA

Answer 10

Smallest unit of genetic material, a polymer from monomers called nucleotides, which join to make a polynucleotide

Question 11

What is:

Genome

Answer 11

All of the genes in an organism

Question 12

What is an:

Allele

Answer 12

Different version of a gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic

Question 13

What is:

Homozygous

Answer 13

When the alleles are in a matching pair

Question 14

What is:

Heterozygous

Answer 14

When the alleles are not in a matching pair

Question 15

What is a:

dominant allele?

Answer 15

This is the characteristic which is always present int the phenotype and represented by a capital letter

Question 16

What is a:

Reccessive allele

Answer 16

Opposite to dominant, only shown in phenotype if it is homozygous, represented by a small letter

Question 17

What is:

Genotype

Answer 17

the allele pair for each characteristic

Question 18

What is:

Phenotype

Answer 18

the physical expression of an allele pair

Question 19

What is:

Monohybrid inheritance

Answer 19

This is the inheritance of a single gene. Outcomes of monohybrid crosses can be figured out with genetic diagrams and punnett squares and predict probabilities

Question 20

What is:

Co-dominant allele

Answer 20

When two alleles are equally dominant and both expressed in the phenotype

Question 21

What are the two parts and the purpose of:

Protein synthesis

Answer 21

1. Transcription
2. Translation
   The DNA stays in the nucleus but the code travels into the ribosome where proteins are assembled using mRNA and tRNA

Question 22

PRACTICE DRAWING STRUCTURE

Question 23

What is a:

DNA strand

Answer 23

A template strand for each protein which gives instructions
This can make hormones, enzymes or structural proteins

Question 24

How many different:

amino acids, nitrogenous bases needed to code for an amino acid

Answer 24

20 different amino acids (some are repeated)
3 nitregenous bases code for each amino acid, this is the same in all organisms so it is a universal code

Question 25

# Differences between: DNA and RNA

Answer 25

* DNA is a double helix whereas RNA is a single strand * DNA contains the sugar deoxygribose whereas RNA has ribose * DNA contains the base Thymine but RNA contains Uracil

Question 26

# What is: Transcription steps

Answer 26

1. Part of the DNA helix is unwound 2. RNA nucleotides line up along the template strand, according to complementary base pairing 3. The sugar phosphate backbones join up forming a mRNA molecule 4. The DNA code has been trasnferred into a messenger molecule, which leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore

Question 27

# What is a: Punnett square

Answer 27

A box showing the probabilities of what allele/gene will be inherited based on the parents' genotype.

Question 28

# Who advanced the field of: Inheritance

Answer 28

Gregor Mendel, through experimenting with peas

Question 29

# Notation for: Co-dominance

Answer 29

BB BW WW X X X X X X or BB BW WW

Question 30

# What is a: Family pedigree

Answer 30

A chart which shows how genetic disorder are inherited in a family, which can be used to find the probability of inheriting a condition

Question 31

# What is the cause of: Variation

Answer 31

A mix of genetic and environmental e.g. sex is genetic, piercings are enviromental and height is both Variation in offspring is due to the **random fertilisation of gametes** Some characteristics are also determined by multiple genes which lead to polygenic inheritance

Question 32

# What is a: Diploid, haploid nucleus

Answer 32

A nucleus containg two complete sets of chromosomes, with one from each parent hapolid nucleus is a signle set of unpaired chromosomes

Question 33

# What is the steps of: Translation

Answer 33

* Translation converts mRNA into protein at the ribosomes * Each triplet code on the mRNA (codon) lines up on the ribosome and is matched by a tRNA molecules with a complementary anti-codon at the end * The other end of the tRNA holds a specific amino acid, determined by the anti-codon

Question 34

# How do: Amino acids form proteins

Answer 34

1. codon AUG on the mRNA is the start codon, with the complementary tRNA molecules bringing the amino acid required. This process repeats itself based on the next codon/anti-codon pairing 2. A bond forms between the 2 amino acids 3. The first tRNA is released and goes back to collect another amino acid 4. More tRNA molecules arrive, bringing amino acids to the polypeptide chain which forms the protein 5. At the end, a stop codon indicates that translation is complete.

Question 35

# Why might: A mutation have little effect on the phenotype of an organism?

Answer 35

There are 64 possibilities of codons, but only 20 amino acids, so a change in a codon might not lead to a change in the amino acid and therefore protein made.

Question 36

# What is a: Mutation

Answer 36

A change to the base sequence of DNA

Question 37

# What is: Huntington's disease

Answer 37

* A dominant characteristic * Neurological disease * Appears after the age where most have children

Question 38

# What is: Cystic fibrosis

Answer 38

recessive genetic disorder affecting lungs

Question 39

# What is: Polygenic inheritance

Answer 39

single inherited phenotypic trait that is controlled by two or more different genes