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A Biology IGCSE course > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are:

Chromosomes found

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What is:

DNA?

A
  • Long list of instructions on how to put an organism together and make it work
  • Deoxyribose Nucleoid Acid
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3
Q

What is a:

gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for one protein

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4
Q

What is the:

Structure of DNA

A
  • Double helix
  • Has two strands which are in a helix structure
  • Held together by chemicals called bases (there r 4)
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5
Q

What are the different:

Bases

A
  • adenine (A)
  • cytosine (C)
  • guanine (G)
  • thymine (T) (Uracil in mRNA U)
  • A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C
  • This is called complementary base pairing
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6
Q

What is:

Protein Synthesis

A
  • Made in Two Steps - Transcription and Translation
  • This process makes proteins which determine how cells function
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7
Q

What is:

cytoplasm

A

site where most chemical reactions take part in the cell

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8
Q

What is a:

Cell

A

The basic unit of all living organisms

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9
Q

What is a:

Chromosome

A

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

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10
Q

What is:

DNA

A

Smallest unit of genetic material, a polymer from monomers called nucleotides, which join to make a polynucleotide

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11
Q

What is:

Genome

A

All of the genes in an organism

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12
Q

What is an:

Allele

A

Different version of a gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic

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13
Q

What is:

Homozygous

A

When the alleles are in a matching pair

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14
Q

What is:

Heterozygous

A

When the alleles are not in a matching pair

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15
Q

What is a:

dominant allele?

A

This is the characteristic which is always present int the phenotype and represented by a capital letter

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16
Q

What is a:

Reccessive allele

A

Opposite to dominant, only shown in phenotype if it is homozygous, represented by a small letter

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17
Q

What is:

Genotype

A

the allele pair for each characteristic

18
Q

What is:

Phenotype

A

the physical expression of an allele pair

19
Q

What is:

Monohybrid inheritance

A

This is the inheritance of a single gene. Outcomes of monohybrid crosses can be figured out with genetic diagrams and punnett squares and predict probabilities

20
Q

What is:

Co-dominant allele

A

When two alleles are equally dominant and both expressed in the phenotype

21
Q

What are the two parts and the purpose of:

Protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
    The DNA stays in the nucleus but the code travels into the ribosome where proteins are assembled using mRNA and tRNA
22
Q

PRACTICE DRAWING STRUCTURE

A
23
Q

What is a:

DNA strand

A

A template strand for each protein which gives instructions
This can make hormones, enzymes or structural proteins

24
Q

How many different:

amino acids, nitrogenous bases needed to code for an amino acid

A

20 different amino acids (some are repeated)
3 nitregenous bases code for each amino acid, this is the same in all organisms so it is a universal code

25
Q

Differences between:

DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA is a double helix whereas RNA is a single strand
  • DNA contains the sugar deoxygribose whereas RNA has ribose
  • DNA contains the base Thymine but RNA contains Uracil
26
Q

What is:

Transcription steps

A
  1. Part of the DNA helix is unwound
  2. RNA nucleotides line up along the template strand, according to complementary base pairing
  3. The sugar phosphate backbones join up forming a mRNA molecule
  4. The DNA code has been trasnferred into a messenger molecule, which leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
27
Q

PRACTICE DRAWING TRANSCRIPTION

A
28
Q

What is a:

Punnett square

A

A box showing the probabilities of what allele/gene will be inherited based on the parents’ genotype.

29
Q

Who advanced the field of:

Inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel, through experimenting with peas

30
Q

Notation for:

Co-dominance

A

BB BW WW
X X X X X X
or BB BW WW

31
Q

What is a:

Family pedigree

A

A chart which shows how genetic disorder are inherited in a family, which can be used to find the probability of inheriting a condition

32
Q

What is the cause of:

Variation

A

A mix of genetic and environmental
e.g. sex is genetic, piercings are enviromental and height is both

Variation in offspring is due to the random fertilisation of gametes

Some characteristics are also determined by multiple genes which lead to polygenic inheritance

33
Q

What is a:

Diploid, haploid nucleus

A

A nucleus containg two complete sets of chromosomes, with one from each parent
hapolid nucleus is a signle set of unpaired chromosomes

34
Q

What is the steps of:

Translation

A
  • Translation converts mRNA into protein at the ribosomes
  • Each triplet code on the mRNA (codon) lines up on the ribosome and is matched by a tRNA molecules with a complementary anti-codon at the end
  • The other end of the tRNA holds a specific amino acid, determined by the anti-codon
35
Q

How do:

Amino acids form proteins

A
  1. codon AUG on the mRNA is the start codon, with the complementary tRNA molecules bringing the amino acid required. This process repeats itself based on the next codon/anti-codon pairing
  2. A bond forms between the 2 amino acids
  3. The first tRNA is released and goes back to collect another amino acid
  4. More tRNA molecules arrive, bringing amino acids to the polypeptide chain which forms the protein
  5. At the end, a stop codon indicates that translation is complete.
36
Q

Why might:

A mutation have little effect on the phenotype of an organism?

A

There are 64 possibilities of codons, but only 20 amino acids, so a change in a codon might not lead to a change in the amino acid and therefore protein made.

37
Q

What is a:

Mutation

A

A change to the base sequence of DNA

38
Q

What is:

Huntington’s disease

A
  • A dominant characteristic
  • Neurological disease
  • Appears after the age where most have children
39
Q

What is:

Cystic fibrosis

A

recessive genetic disorder affecting lungs

40
Q

What is:

Polygenic inheritance

A

single inherited phenotypic trait that is controlled by two or more different genes

A Biology IGCSE course (16 decks)

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