Enzymes, digestion and biological molecules(Y9) Flashcards
What are carbohydrates and examples?
Carbohydrates are substrates used in respiration to release energy.
Examples are pasta, fruit and bread
What are fats and examples
Long term energy stores
Provides thermal insulation
A component of cell
membranes
Some hormones
examples are butter and oil
What are proteins and examples?
Growth and repair of cell
Meat, fish, eggs and some dairy
What is vitamin A and where is it found?
Vitamin A forms a pigment needed for vision, which helps us to see when there is not much light. Vitamin A also protects the surface of the eye.
It is found in Liver, fish oil and eggs
What is vitamin C and where is it found?
Vitamin C is needed for healthy skin and healing
It is found in fruits and some green vegetables.
What is vitamin D and where is it found
Vitamin D is needed to increase the absorption of calcium which is needed for strong teeth and bones.
It is found in sunlight.
What are the minerals that are needed for strong bones and teeth and to make red blood cells and where are they found
Calcium which is found in milk and Iron which is found in red meat and green vegetables
What is calcium
Calcium is a mineral needed for strong teeth and bones
What is Iron?
Iron is a mineral that is needed to make haemoglobin which is a pigment in red blood cells
What is Fiber?
Fiber is needed to provide roughage and keep food moving through the gut by peristalsis
Fiber prevents constipation
Why is water needed
To hydrate cells
What happens when there is a lack of Vitamin C?
The illness of scurvy
What happens when there is a lack of vitamin D?
Rickets
What happens when there is a lack of Vitamin A?
Night blindness
What happens when a person does not have enough Iron?
Anaemia - Due to not enough red blood cells, people become tired
Lack of calcium
Rickets
What is the result of a lack of protein
- Kwashiorkor
- wasting muscles
- loss of teeth
- thinning hair
- swelling of abdomen
What is metabolism
The reactions in your body
What happens if a person has a high energy intake and low energy demand
Excess energy is stored as glycogen and then fat.
Leads to an increase in body mass and obesity
Obesity leads to coronary heat disease, high blood pressure and arthitis
What type of people need more fat?
Small people to grow and they usually have less fat
Young people to grow
Pregnant women as the baby in them needs to grow
People who do more sports or exercise as they are more active which requires more energy which is provided via respiration which needs glucose which can be extracted from fats
How is the energy content of foods measured
In the calirometer practical
Energy released from food per gram in joules is
mass of water (g) x temperature rise(celcius) x 4.2/mass of food sample(g)
Different types of calorimetry
Bomb calirometer, copper calirometer and calirometer
How does bomb calirometer work?
Ignition wires sets a food on fire in an oxygen atmosphere which passes to the water and a stirrer stirs the water.
What do lipids do?
Makes cell membranes and hormones
What are the elements found in carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are the shape of carbohydrates
- Hexagons - they are called monosaccharide(1) e.g. glucose
- disaccharide(2) e.g. sucrose or
- polysaccharide (many) e.g. starch or glycogen
What are the properties of carbohydrate polymers
They are large, insoluble storage molecules. A polymer of glucose in stored as glycogen in animals.
What are proteins made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
What is the structure of proteins
- 1 protein is called an amino acid
- 2 are called Dipeptide
- many are called polypeptide which can make enzymes or hormones
What are the properties of protein polymers?
Properties and shape changes between functions
What are lipids made out of
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What is the structure of lipids
glycerol backbone and three fatty acid connected to the glycerol in tubes
What is the property of lipids
Can be either liquid or solid at room temperature
What different types of fats are there?
saturated, poly saturated and mono - unsaturated
What is saturated fat?
When there are no double bonds between carbon which leads to the molecules being straight which leads to saturated fat packing tightly which leads to saturated fats being a solid at room temperature, like butter
What is unsaturated fat?
When there is a double bond which causes the atoms in the unsaturated fat to bend and not pack tightly so it is liquid at room temperature
What is the cause of cholesterol?
Too much saturated fat which then enters blood vessels making arteries narrower which leads to less blood flow and less oxygen
What are the different tests for food molecules
Benedict’s solution to test for reduced sugars (e.g. glucose, iodine solution to test for starch, Biuret solution to test for protein and ethanol Emulsion test to test for lipids
How does Benedict’s solution work?
2cm^3 of solution
2cm^3 Benedict’s reagent
Leave in boiling water bath 3mins
no reduced sugar - blue
Low conc of reduced sugar→ Green
Medium conc of reduced sugar→ Yellow
High conc of reduced sugar→ Brick red/orange
How does iodine solution work?
2cm^3 starch
10 drops of iodine
no starch: orange brown
starch: blue black
How does Biuret solution work?
2cm^3 solution
2cm^3 biuret solution
mix
protein = purple/lilac
no protein = blue
How does ethanol emulsion work?
- 1cm^3 food
- 2cm^3 ethanol
- shake
- 3cm^3 water
- if cloudy white there are lipids
- if not cloudy no lipids
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are large protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. They are also made up of amino acids which join to make long chains which can make shapes so that other molecules with a complimentary shape can fit in it. Enzymes act as a catalyst
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes are a catalyst that lower the activation energy.
What is the region that the substrate binds to?
The active site which is complementary in shape to only one type of substrate molecule
What is made when a substrate and enzyme bind?
An enzyme substrate complex forms
What is the name of the result of a chemical reaction?
A product
What are the factors affecting rate of enzyme reactions?
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
What is the effect of temperature on an enzyme?
the higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy and the faster the reaction. However, after 40 degrees celcius the enzymes start to denature and the reaction slows down.
What is the effect of pH on an enzyme?
The optimum pH is best for an enzyme because if the pH is not optimum the enzyme starts to denature.
What is the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction?
More substrates will mean that the enzymes will be able to break up more which speeds up the rate of reaction
What is the effect of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction?
The more enzymes there are, substrates can be broken down faster
What is digestion?
Digestion is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. It converts large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the blood.
What is mechanical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food e.g. using teeth and the churning of food in the stomach. Mechanical digestion creates a larger surface area for enzymes to work on
Chemical digestion
Chemical digestion is the breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by using enzymes.
How are food molecules absorbed?
By diffusion and active transport into the villi
Why do the molecules need to be small and soluble?
So that they can fit in the partially permeable membrane of the villi and microvilli so that the nutrients can be absorbed into the blood stream
label digestive system https://www.sporcle.com/games/shapiror/digestive_system
What is peristalsis?
When circular and longitudinal muscles in the gut contract to push a bolus of food forward through the gut. This starts in the oesophagus
What is the role of the mouth?
Mechanically breaks down food to increase the SA:V ratio. Forms food into a bolus which is easier to swallow.
What is the role of the salivary glands?
Produces saliva which is a mixture of amylase, mucus and water. Amylase converts starch to maltose
What is the role of Oesophagus?
moves food into the stomach by peristalsis. When it contracts, it pushes food through the gut
What is the role of the stomach
glandular tissue which produces protease pepsin, hydrochloric acid and mucus.
Pepsin breaks down large proteins into small polypeptide chains/amino acids
Hydrochloric acid provides pH of 2 which is the optimum pH for pepsin
Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria
Muscular wall contracts which churns food
which is mechanical digestion
What is the role of the liver?
Produces bile
Bile neutralises acidic chyme
Bile emulsifies lipids to increase their SA:V
Removes lactic acid from the bloodstream and then breaks it down into glucose that can be used in the future
What is the role of the gall bladder?
Where bile is stored and passed to the food
What is the role of the Duodenum
produces enzymes Trypsin (proteins and polypeptides to amino acid)
Amylase
Lipase(lipids to fatty acids and glycerol)
Has an optimum pH of 9
What is the role of the ileum
- food is absorbed via villi by diffusion and active transport
- Villi make mucus and proteases:
- lipase
- amylase
- maltase (maltose to glucose)
- sucrose(sucrose to glucose and fructose)
- lactase (lactose to glucose and galactose)
What is the role of the colon (large intestine)
reabsorbs water by osmosis
What is the role of the rectum?
Stores faeces before expulsion
What is the role of the anus
A muscle which regulates the release of faeces (egestion)
optimum pH small intestine
9
optimum pH mouth
7
optimum pH stomach
2
What does pancreas do?
Makes pancreatic juice filled with enzymes
How are nutrients absorbed?
villi absorbs nutrients in the ileum.
Adaptations of villi
many microvilli for high SA:V ratio
Lots of blood capillaries and a dense capillary network to transport diffused food away quickly to maintain a steep concentration gradient
1 cell thick diffusion pathway to make diffusion faster and easier
Lacteal takes away fatty acid and glycerol molecules to maintain a steep concentration gradient
What is assimilation
Using food for synthesis of new molecules for growth
Where is the removal of undigested food
Anus
