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A Biology IGCSE course > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the:

Penis

A

It is open to the outside of the body

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2
Q

What is the role of the:

Erectile tissue

A

When filled with blood, makes the penis hard and erect

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3
Q

What is the role of the:

Testes

A

Where male gametes and testosterone is produced

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4
Q

What is the role of the:

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin that holds the testes outside the body(temperature control)

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5
Q

What is the role of the:

Vas Deferens

A

Tube that carries the sperm from the testes

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6
Q

What is the role of the:

Epididyms

A

Where sperm are stored after they have been produced

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7
Q

What is the role of the:

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine and sperm to the outside, at different times

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8
Q

What is the role of the:

Seminal vesicle

A

Makes the fluid that sperm swim in

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9
Q

What is the role of the:

Prostate gland

A

Gland which secretes fluid containing sugar for energy

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10
Q

What is the role of the:

Bladder

A

Stores urine

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11
Q

What is the role of the:

Vagina

A

Tube leading from uterus to outside the body

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12
Q

What is the role of the:

Cervix

A

Neck of the womb that leads to the vagina

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13
Q

What is the role of the:

Uterus or womb

A

Has very thick, muscular walls, which stretch when pregant to hold the foetus

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14
Q

What is the role of the:

Ovaries

A

Female gametes (eggs/ovary) are made here. Oestrogen is produced here

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15
Q

What is the role of the:

Oviduct or fallopian tube

A

Leads from ovaries to the womb

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16
Q

How are:

Sperm ejaculated

A

They leave the testes, travels down the vas deferens, through the prostate gland and goes out through the urethra

17
Q

How are:

Gametes made

A
  • In sex cells called gonads
  • (male) the gamete is a sperm cell produced in the gonads called testes
  • (female) the gamete is an ovum, more commonly called egg and produced in the female gonads called ovaries
  • They are known as haploid cells as they only have 23 chromosomes
18
Q

Adaptations of:

Sperm

A
  • A lot of mitochondria to respire aerobically (middle section)
  • Tail to change directions and swim
  • A plasma membrane to protect against extracelluar injuries
  • An acromosome which has special digestive enzymes which digests the protective layer around the egg
  • Pointed head shape to help it bury into the cell surrounding the egg
  • Nucleus only has 23 chromosomes
  • Streamlined shape to swim faster
19
Q

What is:

Puberty

A
  • Usually between ages of 12 and 14
  • sexual organs start to have a function, and secondary charactersitcs develop
  • Learn secondary characterstics
20
Q

What are the key different:

Hormones

A

FSH
Progesterone
Oestrogen
Testosterone
LH

21
Q

lh

A

Triggers important processes in the reproductive system, secreted by pituary gland

22
Q

FSH

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Stimulates follice growth, promoting development of the egg and sperm
  3. both genders
23
Q

What is:

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of female and male gametes (haploid - 23 chromosomes) to form a new cell called a zygote, which occurs in the oviduct

24
Q

How does:

a foetus form

A
  1. Sperm is ejaculated from the male sex organ into the female sex organ
  2. Sperm moves through the female reproductive tract and reaches the ovum in the oviduct
  3. Fertilisation occurs to from a zygote
  4. The embryo implants into the lining of the uterus and develops a placenta and an amniotic sac
  5. When the embryo becomes recognisably human we call it a foetus
25
Q

Purpose of:

Placenta

A
  • Provides oxygen and other substances and removes waste products
  • Through diffusion
  • releases progesterone to maintain the thickness of the uterus lining
  • Grows into the wall of the uterus, and is joined to the foetus through the umbilical cord
  • Does not mix blood with the mother as the immune systems could launch attacks.
26
Q

LEARN 4 GRAPHS OF HORMONE RELEASE DURING PREGNANCY

A
27
Q

What is:

Progesterone

A

Maintains uterus lining

28
Q

What is:

Oestrogen

A

Repairs uterus lining

29
Q

What is the role of:

Testosterone

A
  • Leads to secondary characterstics developing
  • regulates fertility
  • sex drive
  • sperm production

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