Cells, tissues, organs, MRS C GREN, (Y9) Flashcards
Structure of a yeast cell
Nucleus, Cell wall, Cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria.
Structure of a bacterial cell
Cell wall, cytoplasm, sometimes chloroplasts, ribosomes, mitochondria, flagellum, plasmids, nucleoid DNA, slime layer, peptidoglycan and proteins make cell wall.
Structure of a pant cell
Nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts.
Structure of viruses
Envelope, spike on the envelope for attaching to cells, nucleic acid, protein coat
Why are viruses non-living?
Viruses are non-living because they cannot perform MRS C GREN on their own. For example, they need a host cell to reproduce.
define excretion
Excretion is the removal of toxic metabolilc waste products. E.g. urine and sweat.
What is the role of ribosomes?
Ribosomes making proteins through the process of protein synthesis
A two stage process: transcription and translation
Number of chloroplast per area in a plant
Chloroplasts are generally in leaves, with most of the chloroplast being in the palisade layer
How to calculate magnification?
objective lens X eyepiece
MRS C GREN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Control
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
What is movement?
Not staying in the same position
What is respiration?
Release of energy from food
What is sensitivity?
Ability to recognise and respond to changes in the environment
What is control?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
What is growth?
Increasing in size and mass
What is reproduction?
Producing offspring
What is nutrition?
Either making their own food (e.g. photosynthesis) or eating organisms
What is a prokaryotic organism?
A one-cell organism that has no nucleus.
What is a eukaryotic organism?
An organism that has multiple cells and a true nucleus.
Example of a proctocista?
Mosquitos. Malaria is caused by the plasmodium that mosquitos carry.
What is yeast used in making?
Bread, wine and beer
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration of yeast?
glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol
How do yeast reproduce?
asexually
examples of fungi
Mucor which causes bread mould and penicillium which produces penicillin (antibiotic)
What is mycelium?
Mycelium is a network of thread like structures called hyphae. It can also help trees to communicate
What does fungi store carbohydrates as?
Glycogen
How does fungi take in nutrients?
Saprotrophic nutrition. Fungi would also use enzymes to break down their food, which then diffuse into the fungi.
What is saprotrophic nutrition?
The digestion of dead food material.
How do fungi reproduce?
The bodies produce spores, which then land and new hydrae grow mycelium.
cell wall of fungi?
Chitin
Bacteria shape
Spiral or tubular or cocci
How do bacteria reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce asexually through the process binary fission every 20 minutes in warm, moist areas with oxygen.
Nutrition in bacteria
Most bacteria use saprotrophic nutrition, though some photosynthesise.
What are specialised cells?
Cells that are made for specific purposes
What are stem cells?
embryos that grow and eventually become specialised, depending on where they are positioned in the body, which is called differentiation. Embryos are made by diving in a process called mitosis where the DNA is duplicated and then the cell splits
Order of size from small to large, starting with cells
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
What is a multinucleate organism?
An organism with several nuclei per cell.
What is an:
Organ
A collection of different tissues that works together to achieve the same purpose
