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A Biology IGCSE course > Breathing system > Flashcards

Breathing system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is breathing and name a synonym of breathing

A

Breathing is the movement of gases in and out of the lungs. This is also known as ventilation

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2
Q

What is respiration

A

Break down of glucose to release energy

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3
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

A long tube which allows air to flow from the mouth/nose to the lungs. It is made of cartilage which gives strength and flexibility. It has mucus flowing through to trap dust and bacteria. It regulates the temperature and humidity of the air making it suitable for lungs.

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4
Q

What are the ribs?

A

Curved, flat bones which protect the internal thoracic organs. There are twelve pairs and they move in and out during ventilation

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5
Q

Function of the Pleural membrane

A

This is a two-layered membrane that covers each lung which is used to reduce friction that protects and cushions the lungs to allow the lungs to contract and inflate optimally. They also stop the lungs sticking to the ribs.

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6
Q

Function of intercostal muscles

A

Group of muscles that form the ribs and a chest wall which expands and contracts to help breathing

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7
Q

Function of alveoli

A

Area of gas exchange

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8
Q

What are bronchis?

A

Two tubes that allow air to flow from the trachea/windpipe to bronchi for each lung

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9
Q

What is the function of bronchioles?

A

Allows air to flow from the bronchi to the bronchioles

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10
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Contracts in and out to help breathing

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11
Q

Changes when breathing in and out

A

Inhalation Exhalation
Ex Intercostal muscle Contract Relax
In Intercostal muscles Relax Contract
Rib cage Up and out Down and in
Rib Diaphragm Contract Relax
Vol in thoracic cavity increase decrease
Pressure in thoracic cavity:
Decreases Increases
Air moves? In lungs Out of lungs

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12
Q

What model is usually used to describe lungs?

A

Bell and jar, with a straw representing the trachea, the balloon membrane of the bottle the diaphragm and the balloon the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the shape of the Diaphragm?

A

A dome

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14
Q

Describe alveoli

A

These are small, spongy air sacks which is the location of gas exchange. The oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

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15
Q

Practice drawing an alveoli
What are the components of this?

A

Oxygen rich/poor blood, O2 and CO2 going in and out of the alveolus, capillary, alveolar macrophage and respiratory membrane

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the alveoli

A

To diffuse oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out

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17
Q

What are the adaptations which helps with gas exchanges?

A
  1. Capillaries and alveolus are 1 cell thick which creates a smaller diffusion pathway.
  2. Large surface area creating a high SA:V
  3. Lots of capillaries helps keep the concentration gradient steep
  4. A moist environment which means that diffusion will happen in water which increases the rate of diffusion
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18
Q

What are cigarettes?

A
  • cigarettes contain nicotine which is a very addictive stimulant drug
  • contains > 5000 chemicals
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19
Q

What are cilia

A

Tiny-hair like structures in the lungs which move mucus up to the mouth so that it can then be swallowed so that the hydrochloric acid in the stomach can kill pathogens

20
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus which traps dust, dirt and pathogens so that they do not enter the lungs.

21
Q

What is mucus?

A

Mucus traps dirt, dust and pathogens and any other airborne particles to help protect the lung airways.

22
Q

What is the role of white blood cells in alveoli in defending the blood?

A

These white blood cells bind and digest other particles to protect alveoli

23
Q

What is emphysema?

A

This is when the walls between the alveoli rupture which leads to less and larger air sacs, which reduce the SA:V ratio which decrease the rate of diffusion which can lead to short breath. This is causes mainly by tobacco or marijuana.

24
Q

What is Bronchitis?

A

This is inflammation of the bronchial tubes which can cause shortness of breath, fever and chest tightness. This is caused by tar.

25
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

This is when the DNA cannot be repaired because of arsenic, ammonia, some radioactive compounds, carbon monoxide and more which leads to uncontrolled cell division which causes cancer. This causes fever, bone pain, muscle pain, swelling in the neck, collarbone and armpits and more.

26
Q

What muscle is the heart made from?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • This is myogenic
  • This means that it does not fatigue and continuously contracts by its own, but can be influenced by other factors
27
Q

Why does the left ventricle have thicker walls than the right ventrice?

A

This is so that the right ventricle can contain more muscle to push the blood at a higher pressure so that it can reach the whole body. Additionally, if blood pressure in the right ventricle was the same as the left, the walls could potentially burst.

28
Q

How is blood supplied to the heart?

A

This is through the coronary artery.

29
Q

What is the order of contraction after the heart beats?

A

The atrium beats first, then the ventricles, as the atrium pumps blood into the ventricles.

30
Q

Learn heart diagram

A
31
Q

What is the sound of the heart and what causes it?

A

Lub dub, which is caused by the valves opening and closing.

32
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A
  • Small lumen to maintain high pressure
  • Thick walls with elastic fibres and muscles to withstand high pressure
  • Caries blood away from the heart(except coronary artery)
  • Blood is at high pressure
33
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A
  • Contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood
  • Blood is at low pressure
  • Large lumen to help blood flow
  • Carries blood to the heart
  • Thin walls with less muscle and elastic fibres than arteries
34
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

*Walls a single cell thick(short diffusion path)
*Carries blood between cells
*Blood is at low pressure
*Tiny vessel with narrow lumen so they can ‘fit’ between cells. Blood cells fit through one at a time.

35
Q

What words are associated with what organs?

A

Hepatic Liver
Renal Kidney
Pulmonary lung

36
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease is caused by the build-up of cholesterol in the artery walls which obstructs the flow of blood, leading to the heart receiving less oxygen and glucose which leads to less aerobic respiration being able to be carried out which leads to the heart respiring anaerobically causing a build-up of lactic acid causing a low pH which can denature enzymes.

37
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

This is the flight or fight hormone that initiates fast changes in a body preparing it for sudden action and is a defence mechanism. This increases the heart rate and supplies muscles with more oxygen for more aerobic respiration to release more energy for more muscle contraction

38
Q

What is blood?

A
  • Blood is a transport medium, which transports products of digestion, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, haemoglobin, antibodies, hormones, urea and heat.
  • Blood is composed out of plasma, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets
39
Q

What are the components of the blood?

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells
Leucocytes/ White blood cells
Platelets

40
Q

Plasma

A
  • Yellow
  • 55% composition of the blood
  • Transports water, hormones, Urea, Antibodies, 25% of carbon dixoide and products of digestion
  • Blood does not look yellow as the haemoglobin pigment is more coloured
41
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • Also called Erythrocytes
  • 45% composition
  • they are adapted for their function be having a high SA:V, a biconcave shape which does this and increases flexibility and not having a nucleus
  • Contains Haemoglobin which is a rid pigment which carries oxygen
  • This is made in the bone marrow
  • Not having a nucleus means that they have a limited life span of 120 days
42
Q

White blood cells type

A

Leukocytes - Lymphocytes
Leukocytes - Phagocytes

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • <1% composition
  • This is larger than phagocytes and has a very large nucleus
  • This makes anti-bodies
44
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • <1% composition
  • The role of this in the defence system is to engulf molecules and digest them by secreting enzymes
  • This has a lobed nucleus to increase flexibility which helps it engulf molecules
45
Q

Platelets

A
  • <1% composition
  • they are made of fragments of cells
  • Their main function is to stick together to form clumps that get stuck to prevent the flow of blood out of the body.
  • They help form clots by sticking together to seal up the blood vessel by coagulation cascade

A Biology IGCSE course (16 decks)

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