Kidneys, vascular bundle Flashcards
Why do:
Plants need water?
- Reactant of photosynthesis
- Solvent for minerals and ions to be transported around the plant
- Turgid to keep the plant supported
- Significant component of cytoplasm
- cool down the plant
What are the:
Adaptations of root hair cells
- High SA:V to increase the rate of diffusion
- Vacuole to store excess water
Characterstics of the:
Xylem
- Transports water and minerals
- Substances only move upwards
- Made of dead cells with no end walls between them
- cells have sieve plates with holes in them
- Process called transpiration
Characteristcs of the:
Phloem
- Transports sucrose and amino acids
- Substances move up and down
- Thick wall of lignin which also provides support
- Cells have walls called sieve plates with holes in them
- Process called translocation
How is the:
Vascular bundle structured?
Xylem is on the inside, phloem on the outside
How is the:
Leaf adapted for diffusion
- Having stomata to allow exchange CO2 and O2
- A thin leaf which shortens the diffusion distance
- spongy mesophyll which have a large SA:V
- Air spaces which further increase the SA:V
What is:
Transpiration
The evaporation of water vapour from leaves after it has diffused through the stomata
What is the purpose of:
Transpiration
Moves water across the plant for photosynthesis, keeping the cells turgid and cooling
How can the:
Rate of transpiration be measured?
- Through a potometer
- Either mass balance with oil layer to prevent water evaporating, or an air bubble (optional) with a ruler
- Set up underwater for no air bubbles
- contains a cut shoot at a diagonal angle to increase SA:V
- Reservoir
- Main body
What is the purpose of the:
Reservoir in potometer
To do repeats by setting the water/air bubble back
Best conditions for:
Transpiration
- Less humid - increases concetration gradient
- High wind speed - higher evaporation
- high temperature - higher kinetic energy and more evaporation
- High light intensity - more photosynthesis which uses up water
Function of:
Diuretic hormone
enters the blood and makes the collecting dusts more permeable, leading to more water being reabsorbed in the body, and less urine produced
Contents of:
Urea
- Amino acids
- Water
- excess salts
What is the function of:
Kidneys
- Processes urine (excretory)
- Homeostatic organ - osmoregulation - controls water balance of the blood, tissue and cytoplasm
What is:
Excretion
The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess requirements
LEARN DIAGRAM OF THE KIDNEYS
Purpose of the:
Ureter
Duct by which urine passes through the kidney to the bladder
What is the:
Bladder
Storage organ that receives urine from the kidneys and stores it for excretion
Purpose of the:
Bladder
Storage organ that receives urine from the kidneys and stores it for excretion
What is the purpose of the:
Urethra
the duct by which urine is excreted out of the body from the bladder
What is the purpose of the:
Urethral spnicter
Ringe of muscle that controls access to the urethra from the bladder
Structure of the:
Nephron
- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerulus
- Vein
- Artery
- Loop of Henle
- Conducting duct
- see diagram
- Convulted proximal tube?
What is the:
Glomerulus
- Inside Bowman’s capsule
- knot of capillaries
- capillary leaving the glomerulus is smaller then the one entering, resulting in extremely high blood pressure
- forces fluid from the blood into the middle of Bowman’s capsule
What is:
Bowman’s capsule
- A capsule containing glomerulus
- Has a basement membrane which prevents large molecules like proteins from passing through, but smaller molecules can to become the glomerulus filtrate
How is:
Glucose reabsorbed
- glucose ends up as part of the glomerulus filtrate, but is valuable and is reabsorbed
- in proximal convulted tubule
- reabsorbed in the capillary network that twists around the nephron
- takes place via active transport
How is:
Water reabsorbed
- tubules in the nephron and collecting dust. Same for salts
