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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Protein Breakdown And Urea Formation > Flashcards

Protein Breakdown And Urea Formation Flashcards

1
Q

How do proteins enter the body and what are they broken down into?

A

Food

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is the normal ratio of amino acids:body protein?

A

50:50

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3
Q

How is the carbon skeleton formed from amino acids?

A

The nitrogen is taken off

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4
Q

What is the carbon skeleton used for?

A

Glucose generation
ATP source
Generation of ketone bodies

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5
Q

What happens to the nitrogen that is removed from amino acids?

A

Broken down in the liver to form urea and is excreted by the kidney

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6
Q

What is positive nitrogen balance?

A

There is a build up of body proteins- the amino acid pool is directed towards the making of new proteins

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7
Q

When does positive nitrogen balance occur?

A

During pregnancy or growth
Exercise and tissue hypertrophy (build up of new muscle protein)
Response to anabolic hormones

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8
Q

What is negative nitrogen balance

A

A loss of body protein which leads to increased urea production

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9
Q

When does negative nitrogen balance occur?

A

Wasting diseases, burns, trauma

Response to either an increase in catabolic or a reduction in anabolic hormones (diabetes)

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10
Q

What are the two things that happen to amino acids?

A

Used or broken down- NEVER STORED

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11
Q

What enzymes facilitate the removal of nitrogen?

A

Transaminase or aminotransferase

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12
Q

What happens in transamination?

A

Amino acid A + alpha keto acid B-> alpha keto acid A and amino acid B

Basically the NH3 group is transferred from amino acid A to amino acid B

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13
Q

Give some examples of alpha keto acids

A

Alpha ketoglutarate
Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate

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14
Q

What are two of the most important transaminases?

A

Alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST)

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15
Q

What does aspartate + alpha ketoglutarate produce?

A

Glutamate and oxaloacetate

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16
Q

In the liver what are oxaloacetate and alphaketoglutarate used to make?

A

Glucose

17
Q

In muscle, where can pyruvate be used?

A

In the TCA cycle and ETC to make ATP

Also gluconeogenesis

18
Q

What is high levels of AST and ALT in the blood indicative of?

A

Tissue damage- esp in liver and cardiac muscles

19
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the formation of amonnia?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

20
Q

What is the formation of ammonia process known as?

A

Oxidative deamination

21
Q

Free ammonia + glutamate ->?

A

Glutamine

22
Q

What enzyme does the ammonia + glutamate reaction use?

A

Glutamine synthase

23
Q

How is AA nitrogen transferred to urea (3steps)?

A

Transamination, formation of ammonia. Synthesis of urea

24
Q

Where does the urea cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

25
Q

What are the substrates for the urea cycle?

A

Bicarbonate, aspartate and ammonium ions

26
Q

CO2+ NH4 ->?

A

Carbonyl phosphate

27
Q

Carbonyl phosphate + ornithine ->?

A

Citrulline

28
Q

Citrulline + aspartate ->?

A

Argenine succinate

29
Q

What are used for exercise in muscles during prolonged exercise or starvation?

A

Branched aas:

Leucine, isoleucine and valine

30
Q

How does ammonia get from the peripheral tissues to the liver?

A

Most synthesise glutamine from glutamate
Glutamine then travels to the liver where glutamate is made
Glutamate undergoes transamination to form pyruvate
Pyruvate used to synthesis glucose

31
Q

What is the glucose Alanine cycle?

A

Glucose metabolised to pyruvate in tissue

Pyruvate then used in transamination to form alanine which is transported back to the liver

32
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids?

A

Isoleucine, leucine, Tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine

33
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids broken down to form?

A

Acetyl CoA

34
Q

What are glutagenic amino acids?

A

Alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

35
Q

What happens to glutagenic amino acids?

A

Broken down and fed into TCA cycle and at the point of phosphoenolpyruvate used to make glucose

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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