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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Energy 2: Acetyl Coenzyme A, Mitochondrial, Oxygen > Flashcards

Energy 2: Acetyl Coenzyme A, Mitochondrial, Oxygen Flashcards

1
Q

What does TCA stand for?

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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2
Q

When and where does aerobic respiration happen?

A

In the presence of oxygen, in mitochondria

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3
Q

What is the output of the TCA cycle?

A

8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
6 CO2

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4
Q

Where does the TCA cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl coA

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6
Q

What does acetyl CoA react with to form citrate?

A

Oxaloacetic acid

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7
Q

What regulates entry into the TCA cycle?

A

Formation of acetyl coA from pyruvate is irreversible. Commits the glucose carbon skeleton to either oxidation to CO2 or fatty acid synthesis

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8
Q

What is the enzyme involved in regulation of entry into the TCA cycle?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

Inhibited by NADH, ATP and acetyl coA

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10
Q

What other two enzymes are involved in regulation of the TCA cycle (not pyruvate dehydrogenase)?

A

Kinase and phosphatase

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11
Q

In muscle, what is pyruvate hydrogenase phosphatase stimulated by?

A

Ca2+

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12
Q

In the liver, how does adrenaline increase Ca2+?

A

Through the stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors and IP3

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13
Q

What does insulin stimulate in liver and adipose tissues?

A

Phosphatase which funnels glucose to fatty acid synthesis

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14
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase stimulated by?

A

ADP pyruvate

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15
Q

What is citrate synthase inhibited by?

A

Citrate

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16
Q

What is isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

NADH, ATP

17
Q

What is isocitrate dehydrogenase stimulated by?

A

ADP

18
Q

What is alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

NADH, ATP, succinyl CoA

19
Q

What is beri beri and where is it common?

A

A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1), common where rice is a staple

20
Q

What is beri beri characterised by?

A

Cardiac and neurological symptoms

21
Q

What is thymine a prosthetic group for?

A

Pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

22
Q

What happens to the NADH and the FADH2 produced in the TCA cycle?

A

They donate hydrogen atoms to complexes where the atom is split into proton and electrons

23
Q

What happens to the electrons produced by the breakdown of hydrogen in the mitochondria after the TCA cycle?

A

Transported through the cytochromes (final acceptor is oxygen which is then used to generate water)

24
Q

How many ATP molecules does NADH and FADH2 form in oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

NADH forms 3, FADH2 forms 2

25
Q

How many protons does NADH and FADH2 pump out in oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

10 for each NADH

6 for each FADH2

26
Q

Give the steps in ATP synthesis

A

As electrons are passed down the ETC protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, which forms an electrochemical gradient.
The gradient is dissipated by the passage of protons through ATP synthase, which forms ATP

27
Q

How much (lots or not much) mitochondria is there in brown fat?

A

Lots

28
Q

Where is brown fat found in babies?

A

The shoulder/neck area

29
Q

What is brown fat used for?

A

To generate heat for as a newborn

30
Q

What protein do brown fat mitochondrial inner membranes contain?

A

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)

31
Q

What does UCP1 do?

A

Diverts the flow of protons away from the generation of ATP and through to the generation of heat. (Proton gradient is dissipated but not in the same way)

32
Q

What are OXPHOS diseases?

A

Common degenerative diseases

33
Q

What are OXPHOS diseases caused by?

A

Mutations in genes encoding ETC proteins

34
Q

What are the symptoms in OXPHOS diseases caused by and when do they appear?

A

Fatigue, epilepsy, dementia

Dependant on the mutation, symptoms may be evident near birth early to early adulthood

35
Q

What is congenital lactic acidosis?

A

Can’t make ATP through ETC do have to do it through the conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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