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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Fundamental Principles Of Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Fundamental Principles Of Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Give the basic steps in synaptic transmission

A
  • Synthesis
  • Creation of intermediate storage
  • Creation of vesicle release
  • Fusion of vesicle with cell membrane so the intermediate moves into the synapse
  • inactivation
  • uptake
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2
Q

What blocks the sodium channel?

A

Lignocaine

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3
Q

Give the steps of the release of vesicle contents into the synapse

A

1- action potential reaches axon terminals
2- voltage gated ca2+ channels open
3- ca2+ binds to sensor protein in cytoplasm
4- ca2+ Protein complex stimulates fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitter

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4
Q

What does SNARE stand for?

A

Soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive factor Attachment protein Receptor

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5
Q

Where would you find a v-SNARE?

A

On vesicle plasma membrane

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6
Q

Where would you find a t-SNARE?

A

On the targets plasma membrane

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7
Q

Give the names of the two v-SNAREs

A

Synaptobrevin

Synaptotagmin

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8
Q

What does synaptotagmin sense?

A

Calcium

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9
Q

What is synaptobrevin (apart from a v-SNARE)

A

Vesicle associated protein = VAMP

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10
Q

Give the names of the two t-SNAREs

A

Syntaxin -1

SNAP 25

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11
Q

What happens with the SNAREs when there is in increase in calcium?

A

It is bound by synaptotagmin, leads to a higher affinity for the cell membrane and a reduced affinity for v-SNAREs

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12
Q

What is a SNAREpin

A

V-SNARE and t-SNARE interaction

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13
Q

What does a SNAREpin do?

A

Pulls the vesicle closer to the membrane

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14
Q

What does botulinum toxin do?

A

Binds to glycoproteins found on cholinergic neurones, then the peptidase breaks down the V and T-SNAREs

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15
Q

What does betabungarotoxin do?

A

Binds to glycoproteins found on cholinergic neurones, then the peptidase breaks down the V and T-SNAREs

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16
Q

What is calcium dependant release in synapses?

A
  • Calcium binds to a lobe of the synaptotagmin
  • increased affinity for phospholipids
  • binding causes increased membrane curvature
  • forced interaction of synaptobrevin and syntaxin 1/SNAP25
  • residue fusion with membrane
17
Q

What is the botulinum toxin produced by?

A

The anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum

18
Q

What is the minimum lethal dose of the botulinum toxin in mice?

A

10^-12

19
Q

How many subunits make up the botulinum toxin?

A

2

20
Q

Which botulinum toxins cleave SNAP 25?

A

A, C, E

21
Q

Which botulinum toxins cleave VAMP?

A

B, D, F, G

22
Q

Give the steps in cholinergic neuronal transmission

A
  • choline is take up alongside sodium
  • choline -> acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase
  • rest of pathway Same as normal
23
Q

Why is the cholinergic response short acting?

A

The amount of acetyl cholinesterase in the synaptic cleft

24
Q

What does the acetylcholine react with on the receptor membrane?

A

Nicotinic LGICs or GPCRs

25
Q

How does hemicholinium inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Competes with choline for uptake

26
Q

How does vesamicol inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Stops uptake of acetylcholine into a residue

27
Q

How do toxins inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Stop fusion of vesicle with cell membrane

28
Q

Give the name of the short acting cholinesterase inhibitor.

A

Edrophonium

29
Q

Give the names of the medium acting cholinesterase inhibitors.

A

Neosigmine

Physostigmine

30
Q

Give the names of the irreversibly acting cholinesterase inhibitors.

A

Parathion
Ectothiophate
Dyflos

31
Q

What happens in adrenergic neurones in the adrenal glands?

A
  • Uptake of tyrosine which after a number of steps is converted to adrenaline by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
32
Q

What happens in adrenergic neurones in the body (not adrenal glands)?

A

Uptake of tyrosine which is then converted into catechol-o-methyltransferase

33
Q

What happens to noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft?

A

Inactivated by extraneuronal cells or back into the neurone by a neuronal transporter

34
Q

How does reserpine inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Stops the noradrenaline uptake into vesicles

35
Q

How does guanethidine inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Displaces noradrenaline in the vesicle

36
Q

How do cocaine, desipramine and imipramine inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Inhibit the noradrenaline uptake

37
Q

How do amphetamine, tyramine and ephedrine inhibit synaptic transmission?

A

Competitive inhibitor for the reuptake of noradrenaline back into the nerve. Can also displace noradrenaline in the vesicle

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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