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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Lipid Synthesis And Degredation > Flashcards

Lipid Synthesis And Degredation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a lipid?

A

Macromolecules soluble in non-polar solvents

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2
Q

Give some examples of lipids

A 
Fatty acids
Glycolipids
Glycerolphospholipids
Sphingolipids
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
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3
Q

When are fats synthesised and stored?

A

When our calorific intake exceeds the immediate needs of the body

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4
Q

How does the energy content of fat per gram compare to carbs and protein?

A

1g fat= 37kj
1g protein = 17kj
1g carbs = 16kj

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5
Q

What percentage of the energy from the British diet is fat?

A

40%

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6
Q

How much did obesity rise in adults from 1993->2014?

A

14.9%->25.6%

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7
Q

What BMI is classified as obese?

A

30Kg/M^2

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8
Q

What are fats most often made from?

A

Dietary carbs

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9
Q

What is the preferred energy source for cardiac muscle?

A

Fats

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10
Q

What is the preferred energy source for the brain?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Where and how are fats stored?

A

In adipose tissue as triglycerides

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12
Q

Give the features of fatty acids

A

Chains of methyl groups
Terminal carboxylic acid
Double bonds (if present) are usually in cis conformation
No double bonds in less than position nine

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13
Q

What happens to the citrate when the amount of ATP is high and the need for glucose is low?

A

Citrate is transported out of the mitochondria

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14
Q

What happens to the citrate when its outside the mitochondria?

A

Converted back to acetyl coA and then synthesised into fatty acids

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15
Q

What happens to the fatty acids once made?

A

They will either stay in the liver or transported into the bloodstream

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16
Q

Where is cholesterol transported to?

A

Non-hepatic tissue

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17
Q

What does fatty acid synthesis require?

A

Acetyl coA
NADPH
ATP

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18
Q

What does the citrate-malate antiPorter do?

A

Transfer of the acetyl coA to the cytosol

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19
Q

What are the starting and ending molecules in the citrate-maleate antiPorter?

A

Acetyl coA- oxaloacetate

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20
Q

How is the NADPH provided for the citrate- malate antiPorter?

A

By the pentose phosphate pathway

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21
Q

What is the first step in fatty acid synthesis activated by?

A

Citrate

22
Q

What is the first step in fatty acid synthesis inhibited by?

A

Palmatic acid

23
Q

What does the first step in fatty acid synthesis require?

A

The vitamin biotin

24
Q

What is fatty acid synthase responsible for?

A

Fatty acid synthesis

25
Q

What are the intermediates in fatty acid synthase covalently linked to?

A

6 acyl carrier protein

26
Q

What does fatty acid synthase enable?

A

The efficient and rapid movement of the growing fatty acid chain to be passed from one active site to the next

27
Q

What are the three steps in fatty acid degradation

A

Mobilisation (adipocytes)
Activation (liver cytosol)
Degradation (liver mitochondria)

28
Q

What hormones stimulate the mobilisation of fatty acids?

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline

29
Q

What are fatty acids activated by in the liver cytoplasm

A

Acyl CoA synthase

30
Q

What does fatty acid coA react with to from fatty acyl carnitine?

A

The alcohol carnitine

31
Q

Where is the long chain FA activated?

A

On the outer mitochondrial membrane

32
Q

What can carnitine deficiency cause?

A

Muscle weakness or death

33
Q

What is fatty acid transport inhibited by?

A

Malonyl coA

34
Q

What is the result of fatty acid/ beta oxidation?

A

FADH2, NADH and acetyl coA

35
Q

Where does fatty acid/ beta oxidation occur?

A

In the liver mitochondria

36
Q

What are the sequence of steps in fatty acid/ beta oxidation?

A

Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis

37
Q

In non-hepatic tissue how many ATPs does complete oxidation of palmitate yield?

A

106

38
Q

Why does ketogenesis happen?

A

Fasting, uncontrolled diabetes, prolonged exercise

39
Q

What happens in ketogenesis?

A

Stimulates fatty acid breakdown producing acetyl coA

40
Q

Where does the metabolism shift towards in ketogenesis?

A

Maintain blood glucose

41
Q

What does the loss of oxaloacetic acid do?

A

Limits energy production from acetyl coA

42
Q

What is excess acetyl coA used for?

A

To form ketone bodies

43
Q

What are ketone bodies made up of?

A

Acetoacetate, 3 betahydroxybutyrate and acetone

44
Q

Where are ketone bodies used?

A

Cardiac muscle and renal cortex and by the brain (only during starvation)

45
Q

What does the breakdown of triglycerides give?

A

Acetyl coA and glycerol

46
Q

What is glycerol used for in the liver?

A

The synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis

47
Q

What is glycerol used for in the muscle?

A

In glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP

48
Q

What does insulin increase?

A

Glycolysis in the liver
Fatty acid synthesis in the liver
Triglyceride in adipose tissue

49
Q

What does insulin decrease?

A

Beta oxidation

50
Q

What do glucagon and adrenaline increase?

A

Triglyceride mobilisation

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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