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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Overview Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Overview Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Regions of the nervous system that are encased in bone (brain and spinal cord)

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Autonomic and somatic nervous system

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system made up of?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Component of the peripheral nervous system that is in the CVsystem, internal organs and smooth muscle

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and digestion

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic part of the ANS do?

A

Controls fight or flight

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic part of the ANS do?

A

Rest and digest

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8
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that is in joints and skeletal muscle

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9
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary, coherent movement and locomotion

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10
Q

What are the three main regions of the Brain?

A

Forebrain
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum)

Diencephalon

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12
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the forebrain that comprises the cerebral cortex and several sub cortical structures

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14
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe

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15
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Voluntary movement and behaviour

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16
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Auditory processing and interpretation (speech) and memory

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17
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Sensory processing and interpretation (touch) and equilibrium and balance of the body

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18
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Visual processing and interpretation

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19
Q

What are the subcortical structures?

A

Hippocampus

Basal ganglia

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20
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Learning, memory formation and retrieval, regulation of the hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

Deep within the temporal lobe

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22
Q

What does the basal ganglia control?

A

Regulates movement

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23
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globulus pallidus

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24
Q

What does caudate + putamen form?

A

Corpus striatum

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25
Q

What does globes pallidus + putamen form?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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26
Q

What are the three types of texture in the cerebrum surface

A

Bumps (gyri)
Grooves (sulci)
Fissures

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27
Q

What does the post central gyrus control?

A

Somatic sensation like touch

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28
Q

What does the precentral gyrus control?

A

Voluntary movement

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29
Q

What is the pre and post central gyrus separated by?

A

The central sulcus

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30
Q

What does the superior temporal gyrus control?

A

Audition (hearing)

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31
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus separated from the pre/post central gyrus by?

A

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

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32
Q

What is anterograde amnesia and what part of the brain does it affect?

A

Unable to create new memories - hippocampus

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33
Q

What is retrograde amnesia and what part of the brain does it affect?

A

Generally unable to recall past memories - hippocampus

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34
Q

What is huntingdons and what part of the brain does it affect?

A

Degeneration of gaba neutrons in caudate and putamen which leads to the motor problems such as involuntary muscle jerking- basal ganglia

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35
Q

What is Parkinson’s and what part of the brain does it affect?

A

Degeneration of dopamine neurons- basal ganglia

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36
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Division of the forebrain between the cerebrum and midbrain

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37
Q

What does the diencephalon comprise of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

38
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Large collection of nuclei located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon

39
Q

What is the thalamus function?

A

Relay between sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex

40
Q

What does the thalamus regulate?

A

Arousal, pain, mood, motivation and cognitive functions

41
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Small almond sized collection of nuclei located directly above the brainstem

42
Q

What is the hypothalamus function?

A

Reproductive, fight or flight, cortisol and adrenaline release

43
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

A blending of information streams

44
Q

Give some examples of synaesthesia

A

Hearing colour and feeling sounds

45
Q

How does synaesthesia happen?

A

The stimulation of one pathway leads to the involuntary, automatic stimulation of another pathway

46
Q

How do you ‘get’ synaesthesia?

A

Either innate or due to thalamus damage

47
Q

What happens if the hypothalamus stops working?

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

48
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Part of the brain that lies between the diencephalon and the spinal cord

49
Q

What does the brainstem comprise?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

50
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

Near the top of the brainstem

51
Q

Where is the pons?

A

In between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

52
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

Bottom of brainstem above spinal cord

53
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

Eye movements

Auditory and visual processing

54
Q

What does pons control?

A

Relay of motor information from cerebral hemispheres to the medulla, spinal cord and cerebellum

55
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory homeostasis

Reflexive actions

56
Q

What is the definition of brainstem dead?

A

Unable to regain the consciousness or breath without the support of an artificial life support machine

57
Q

What is locked-in syndrome?

A

Awake and conscious but no means of producing speech, limb or facial movements

58
Q

What causes brainstem death?

A

Loss of blood circulation to all brainstem regions

59
Q

What causes locked in syndrome?

A

Loss of blood circulation to pons

60
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

A prominent brain structure that accounts for approx 10% of the human brains volume

61
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Doesnt initiate movement but detects differences between an intended difference and actual movement

Aids the motor cortex to produce precise and coordinated movement

62
Q

The function of the cerebellum is conserved across the animal kingdom- how has this been shown?

A

Important in synchronisation or movement with musical rhythm - REMEMBER RONAN THE SEA LION

63
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Found within the vertebral column with spinal nerves communicating with the cord via notches between the vertebrae

64
Q

Where are cervical vertebrae located and how are they named?

A

Neck

C1-C7

65
Q

Where are thoracic vertebrae located and how are they named?

A

Ribs

T1-T12

66
Q

Where are lumbar vertebrae located and how are they named?

A

Lower back

L1-L5

67
Q

Where are sacral vertebrae located and how are they named?

A

Pelvic area

S1-S5

68
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

A bundle of sensory neuron axons that carry sensory information into the spinal cord

69
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

A bundle of motor neuron axons that carry information away from the spinal cord to striated muscle

70
Q

What is the grey matter comprised of and divided into?

A

Comprised of neuronal cell bodies divided into horns

71
Q

What is the white matter comprised of and divided into?

A

Comprised of axon bundles divided into columns

72
Q

What does a motor neuron pool do?

A

Directly innovate skeletal muscle and allow for movement

73
Q

What does a motor track do?

A

Derived from descending systems influenced by cerebellum and basal ganglia

74
Q

What is tetraplegia?

A

Full or partial loss of sensation and movement in all four limbs and torso

75
Q

What is tetraplegia caused by?

A

Damage in the cervical C1-C7 area

76
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Full or partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs (and torso)

77
Q

What is paraplegia caused by?

A

Damage in the thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5) or sacral (S1-S5) area

78
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

What is the order of the 3 types of meninges (outer-> inner)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater

80
Q

What is the dura mater made of?

A

Tough inelastic layer

81
Q

How is the arachnoid membrane separated from the dura mater?

A

Subdural space

82
Q

How is the pia mater separated from the arachnoid membrane

A

Subarachnoid space filled with cerebro-spinal fluid

83
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  • primarily the protection of the brain and spinal cord
  • passage of CSF- ventricular system
  • support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels- vasculature system
84
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

A series of interconnected CSF filled spaces that lie at the core of the forebrain and brain stem

85
Q

What does the ventricular system comprise?

A

Lateral ventricles- paired structures sprout from the third ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle - extends from the cerebral aqueduct

86
Q

What is the function of the ventricular system?

A

Protection of Brain (cushion for shocks)
Transport (nutrients, waste products)
Other functions include regulation of buoyancy

87
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

88
Q

What is the vasulature system?

A

Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the Brain: internal carotoid arteries and vertebral arteries

89
Q

What is derived from the internal carotid arteries and what part of the brain does it supply?

A

Anterior circulation

Supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)

90
Q

What is derived from the vertebral arteries and what part of the brain does it supply?

A

Posterior circulation

Brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord

91
Q

What is the function of the vasculature system?

A

Delivery of oxygen
Removal of carbon dioxide
Transport (nutrients, waste products)

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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