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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Mitochondria And Peroxisomes > Flashcards

Mitochondria And Peroxisomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

All the mitochondria that has ever existed comes from one singular prokaryote

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2
Q

How did life come to be from one eukaryote and one prokaryote?

A
  • Prokaryote engulfed by eukaryote
  • they formed a symbiotic relationship
  • the prokaryote divided inside its host by producing daughter cells and increasing their number so when the host cells divide, the daughter cells would be passed on too
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3
Q

Do all eukaryotes have mitochondria?

A

No, some have lost it through evolution by they retain a similar organelle and some destroy theirs during maturation

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4
Q

Give the structural features of mitochondrion

A
  • double membrane
  • between the membranes are the intermembrane space
  • within the inner membrane is the matrix
  • large proteins in the mitochondrial membrane
  • small, circular genome
  • granules
  • ATP synthase particles
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5
Q

What takes place in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The vast majority of metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What are the large proteins in the mitochondrial membrane responsible for?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

How are the mitochondria arranged in fibroblasts?

A

Interconnected networks which are highly dynamic

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8
Q

How are the mitochondria arranged in cardiac cells?

A

Lots of mitochondria found in distinct zones

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9
Q

What does mitochondria need to be transported on cytoskeletal microtubules?

A

Dyenin and kinesin

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10
Q

How does mitochondria move on the cytoskeletal microtubules?

A

They bind to the dyenin and kinesin via adaptor proteins (Milton and miro) which are located on the surface of the mitochondria

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11
Q

Why is mitochondrial transport important in neurons?

A

The mitchondria has to be delivered to the synapses where it is needed for neuronal sequencing

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12
Q

How are new mitochondria produced?

A

Fission - they grow and split

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13
Q

Why do mitochondria fuse together?

A

We don’t know

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14
Q

Give the functions of mitochondria

A
  • anabolic synthesis of nucleotides
  • role in calcium homeostasis
  • production of amino acids which function as a neurotransmitter
  • important in apoptosis
  • important in immune responses
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15
Q

How are mitochondria important in immune responses?

A

Protein receptors detect invading viral RNA (on the outer membrane of the mitochondria) which activates an innate immune response

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16
Q

What is the process in which ATP is generated?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

What is a synonym for the citric acid cycle

A

Krebs cycle

18
Q

What are the two important functions of the citric acid cycle

A
  • to produce NADH and FADH2 which are used as electron donors for oxidative phosphorylation which produces ATP
  • biosynthetic precursors for the biosynthesis of the creation fatty acids and amino acids
19
Q

What is the only enzyme in the citric acid cycle found in the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

20
Q

Go write out the citric acid cycle

A

..

21
Q

Give an overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Generation of a proton motive force. Flow of electrons means that protons are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space which builds up a proton motive force

22
Q

What are the 5 protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that help in oxidative phosphorylation

A 
I- NADH2 hydrogenase
II - succinate hydrogenase 
III- cytochrome vet 
IV- cytochrome (oxidase)
V- ATP synthase
23
Q

What are the two small electron carriers called in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Ubiquitin and cytochrome C

24
Q

Which protein complexes contribute to the proton motive force

A

I, III and IV

25
Q

Through which protein complex do the protons flow back through

A

V

26
Q

What type of membrane does a peroxisome have?

A

Single bilayer

27
Q

Do peroxisomes have DNA

A

No

28
Q

What are the two main functions of peroxisomes

A
  • fatty acids are broken down inside them

- detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

29
Q

How is hydrogen peroxide toxic?

A

Reacts with and damages DNA and proteins which contributes to the ageing process

30
Q

Why does beta oxidation take place in both the peroxisomes and the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria cant break down long chain fatty acids so peroxisomes have to do it

31
Q

What proteins are used in both peroxisomal and mitochondrial fission?

A

DNMIL and FIS1

32
Q

What proteins are used in only peroxisomal fission?

A

PEX11A, B and G

33
Q

Give the common features shared between mitochondria and peroxisomes

A
  • important in fatty acid metabolism
  • the protein machinery needed to divide is on the outside of the organelles
  • antiviral signalling (MAVs) found on the outer membrane of both

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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