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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Energy 1: Metabolism, ATP, Glycolysis > Flashcards

Energy 1: Metabolism, ATP, Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A 
The use of energy to:
Synthesise new molecules
Establish ion gradients
Perform mechanical work
Keep warm
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2
Q

What are catabolic processes?

A

The breakdown of complex molecules to release energy

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3
Q

What are anabolic processes?

A

Synthesis of new molecules from less complexes components

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4
Q

When is ATP production mainly done?

A

When nutrients are oxidised

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5
Q

By which processes is ATP broken down?

A

Biosynthesis, detoxification, contraction, ion transport, thermogenesis

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6
Q

How much ATP is available from the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

65 Kj/Mol

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7
Q

How much ATP do we use at rest?

A

40Kg/24 Hr

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8
Q

How much ATP do we use during exercise?

A

0.5 Kg/min

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9
Q

What’s the total body content of ATP?

A

100g

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10
Q

What do the cofactors NAD and FAD do?

A

Activated carriers of electrons used for oxidation or reduction reactions?

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11
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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12
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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13
Q

What are the oxidised and reduced forms of NAD?

A 
Oxidised= NAD+
Reduced= NADH+
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14
Q

What are the oxidised and reduced forms of FAD?

A 
Oxidised= FAD+
Reduced= FADH2
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15
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The splitting of a glucose (C6) molecule into two pyruvate (C3) molecules

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the formation of glucose 6- phosphate?

A
  • maintains the glucose gradient

- traps the glucose within the cell (which is largely irreversible)

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17
Q

What are the reactants in glycolysis?

A 
1 glucose
2 ATP
2NAD+
2 ADP
2Pi
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18
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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19
Q

How is there a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH in glycolysis?

A

The second step happens twice ( as 2x C3 molecules)

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20
Q

What regulates glycolysis?

A
  • enzyme catalysing irreversible reactions that are potential sites for regulation
  • enzyme regulation
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21
Q

How can activity of enzymes be regulated?

A
  • reversible binding of allosteric effectors
  • covalent modification
  • transcription
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22
Q

What does hexokinase do?

A

Regulates glucose -> G6P

23
Q

What does phosphofructokinase do?

A

Fructose 6 phosphate ->Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

24
Q

In which tissue does pyruvate kinase have more points for allosteric regulation?

A

Liver

25
Q

What tissues don’t have the pyruvate kinase allosteric regulation sites?

A

Heart, brain, and skeletal system

26
Q

What happens in tissues that don’t have the pyruvate kinase allosteric regulation sites?

A

They aren’t regulated at the level of pyruvate kinase?

27
Q

What does pyruvate kinase do?

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate-> pyruvate

28
Q

How is hexokinase regulated?

A

Inhibited by G6P so prevents too much glucose being fed down the glycolytic pathway

29
Q

How is phosphofructokinase regulated?

A

Inhibited by ATP, citrate and H+

Positively regulated by AMP

30
Q

What is AMP a good indicator of?

A

The energetic state of the cell

31
Q

Why is phosphofructokinase inhibited by ATP?

A

No need for glycolysis if ATP is present within the cell

32
Q

Why is phosphofructokinase inhibited by citrate?

A

Leads onto the TCA cycle which produces ATP

33
Q

Why is phosphofructokinase inhibited by H+?

A

Prevents the skeletal muscle being damaged by the low pH of continued glycolysis

34
Q

What is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?

A

ATP

35
Q

When is AMP produced?

A

When there is significant amounts of ADP

36
Q

When is ADP elevated

A

When the consumption of ATP is high and synthesis of ATP is required

37
Q

What enzyme makes AMP?

A

Adenylate kinase

38
Q

What is the reaction that has ATP, ADP and AMP?

A

2ADP => ATP +AMP

39
Q

How does high ATP concs inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A

Lowers the affinity for fructose 6 phosphate

40
Q

What does inhibition of PFK lead to?

A

Hexokinase as a reduction of PFK use leads to an increase of G6P and therefore an inhibition of hexokinase

41
Q

What is PFK inhibited by?

A

High ATP conc and citrate

42
Q

What is PFK stimulated by?

A

Indirectly by a F6P build up

43
Q

What is hexokinase inhibited by?

A

G6P

44
Q

What molecules mean that other molecules can join the glycolytic pathway?

A

Fructose (adipose)-> F6P
Fructose (liver)->DMAP
Fructose (liver)->GAP

45
Q

How can glycolysis be inhibited?

A

The amount of NAD in the cell

46
Q

How do muscles overcome the lack of NAD+?

A

Synthesis of lactic acid lactate from pyruvate

47
Q

What are the limitations of using lactic acid as a source of glucose?

A

Lactic acid is acidic so will lead to a reduction in pH which has an inhibiting effect on PFK

48
Q

What happens to the pyruvate in an aerobic state?

A

Converted to acetyl coenzyme A which then leads to the process of oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

What happens to the vascular system when a tumour grows?

A

As size increases, the need for blood grows. Angiogenic factors are released which ultimately leads to the formation of a vascular network

50
Q

What is an angiogenic factor?

A

Stimulate the endothelial cells of a nearby vessel to proliferate and migrate

51
Q

Why are tumours kept in an anaerobic state?

A

The rate at which the tumour grows is faster than the vessels are able to deliver oxygen

52
Q

What stimulates the expression of many glycolytic enzymes?

A

Low oxygen

53
Q

What happens in hypoxia?

A

HIF1 activated which stimulates blood vessel growth and metabolic adaptation

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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