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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Integration Of Whole Body Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration Of Whole Body Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How much glucose does the brain use daily?

A

100-120g

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2
Q

What is over half the energy consumed used for in the brain?

A

Sodium potassium transport to maintain membrane potential and in synthesis of neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What is glucose B transported by?

A

GLUT3

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4
Q

What is the danger point for plasma glucose levels in the brain?

A

Below 2.2mM

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5
Q

What are fatty acids used for normally in the brain?

A

Membrane biosynthesis

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6
Q

How does the cardiac muscle respire?

A

Aerobically

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7
Q

Does cardiac muscle have glycogen stores?

A

No (possibly a tiny bit?)

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8
Q

What is the main source of energy for cardiac muscle?

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

What sources of energy can cardiac muscle use (not fatty acids)?

A

Lactate and ketone bodies

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10
Q

What is adipose tissues function?

A

Reservoir of metabolic energy in the form triglycerides

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11
Q

How much TG will a 70kg man store?

A

15kg

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12
Q

Where do TGs come from?

A

Diet or chylomicron

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13
Q

Where are TGs synthesised?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What are TGs transported by after synthesis?

A

VLDLs

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15
Q

What is glucose transported by?

A

GLUT4

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16
Q

What is GLUT 4 sensitive to?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

How many times daily is plasma filtered in the kidney?

A

Up to 60 times

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18
Q

Why is water soluble material largely reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

To prevent loss

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19
Q

How much energy do the kidneys consume?

A

10%

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20
Q

How much blood glucose does the kidney contribute during starvation?

A

Half

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21
Q

What molecules does the liver metabolise?

A

Carbs
Fatty acids
Amino acids

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22
Q

What does the liver provide fuel for?

A

Brain, muscle and other peripheral organs

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23
Q

What happens in the liver after glucose is transported in hepatocytes by glut2?

A

Immediately phosphorylated by glucokinase

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24
Q

Where does G6P come from in the liver?

A

Glycogen breakdown or gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

What enzyme is used to take G6P-glucose?

A

G6Phosphatase

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26
Q

How is glucose transported out of the hepatocyte cell?

A

GLUT2

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27
Q

What happens if the blood glucose gets about 6.6mm?

A

Glucose enters the hepatocytes by the GLUT 2 transport molecule

28
Q

What is the glucokinases km level?

A

Low

29
Q

What does it mean if molecules have a low km?

A

Saturated at high levels of glucose

30
Q

What enzyme facilitates the glucose-> G6P reaction?

A

Hexokinase

31
Q

What is the km for glucose?

A

0.1mM

32
Q

What is the concentration of glucose inside cells?

A

Low

33
Q

What does an increase in insulin lead to in muscle cells?

A

Increase in glucose uptake by glut4

34
Q

Do muscle cells use hexokinase or glucokinase?

A

Hexokinase

35
Q

When sprinting, what is power and speed dependant on?

A

Availability of ATP

36
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

Relatively small but rapidly mobilised ATP store which only lasts a few seconds

37
Q

Creatine phosphate + ADP->?

A

ATP + creatinine enzyme

38
Q

What is the creatinine enzyme called?

A

Creatinine kinase

39
Q

What does build up of lactase cause?

A

Fall in pH

40
Q

How do cells respire in a marathon?

A

Aerobic respiration

41
Q

What does aerobic respiration for a marathon require the cooperation of?

A

Muscle, liver and adipose tissue

42
Q

How much slower is metabolism with fats as compared to creatine

A

10x slower

43
Q

When the body is fed, what process increase?

A

Glycolysis
Glycogen synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis

44
Q

When the body is fed, what molecules increase?

A

Glycogen

Fatty acids

45
Q

When the body is fed, what process decrease?

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenolysis
Fatty acid degredation

46
Q

When the body is fed, what molecules decrease?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

47
Q

What is the first priority for the body when starved?

A

Maintain glucose levels

48
Q

What is the second priority for the body when starved?

A

Preserve proteins

49
Q

How does the body preserve proteins in starvation?

A

Metabolism shifts from glucose to fatty acids and ketone bodies

50
Q

When is the post absorptive phase?

A

Several hours after the last meal

51
Q

What happens in the post absorptive phase?

A
  • blood glucose falls, insulin levels fall and glucose levels rise
  • phosphorylase a activity increase as does glycogen breakdown
  • drop in insulin reduces glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissues
52
Q

When the body is starved, what process decrease?

A

Glycolysis
Glycogen synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis

53
Q

When the body is starved, what molecules decrease?

A

Glycogen

Fatty acids

54
Q

When the body is starved, what process increase?

A

Glyconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid degredation

55
Q

When the body is starved, what molecules increase?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

56
Q

When is early starvation?

A

24hrs

57
Q

What happens in early starvation

A
  • Glucose released from liver due to gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • mobilisation of FAs from adipose tissue
  • glucose use falls as muscle switches to FA oxidation
  • initial increase in protein breakdown
58
Q

What happens to the energy after 12 hrs of starvation?

A

45% of resting energy from FA and 40% from glucose

59
Q

When is intermediate starvation?

A

3-20 days

60
Q

What happens in intermediate starvation?

A
  • glycogen stores depleted
  • increased lipolysis and ketogenesis
  • increased gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose
  • further starvation means the kidney takes over gluconeogenesis from the liver
61
Q

What happens to the beta hydroxybutyrate after 8 days?

A

Raised 50fold

62
Q

How long is prolonged starvation?

A

More than three weeks

63
Q

What happens in prolonged starvation?

A
  • Other sources of gluconeogenic precursors are lactate and glycerol
  • lactate is recycles by the coricycle
  • glycerol and amino acids are oxidised
  • proteins are broken down by the muscle forming amino acid precursors
64
Q

When does the betahydroxybutyrate plateau in starvation?

A

At 20 days

65
Q

During prolonged starvation, what does the need for glucose fall to?

A

100g-> 40g/day

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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